Antenatal risk factors in emergency caesarean sections done for fetal distress

Background: Fetal distress is an important indication for emergency caesarean deliveries. The objective of this study is to identify the antenatal and intrapartum risk factors in emergency caesareans done for non-reassuring fetal status and compare with patients who underwent emergency caesareans for other indications.Methods: It was a retrospective study and data was collected from the labour room records of a tertiary care hospital. Patients undergoing emergency caesareans for fetal distress were the cases and the remaining emergency caesareans were the controls. Data was statistically analyzed.Results: There were 5184 deliveries during this period of which, 669 were emergency caesareans. 126 (18.83%) of these were due to fetal distress/ non-reassuring fetal status and 543 (81.17%) were for other indications. Caesarean due to fetal distress accounted for 2.43% of the total deliveries. There were more primigravidae (61.11% Vs 46.04%) in the fetal distress group (Odds Ratio 1.84, p=0.003). Intra uterine growth restriction (OR 5.44, p<0.0001) and antepartum haemorrhage mainly due to abruption (OR 11.19, p <0.0001) were other important antenatal risk factors. Those with neonates of birth weight between 1.5 to 2.0 kgs were more likely to undergo emergency caesarean for fetal distress (OR 1.78, p=0.0435). The risk of a lower APGAR was higher in the fetal distress group (12.59%). 28.34% neonates in this group required NICU admission.Conclusions: Primiparity, intrauterine growth restriction, antepartum hemorrhage and prematurity, have shown to significantly increase the risk of emergency cesareans due to non-reassuring fetal status. We need to improve antenatal care with a goal of early detection of the above risk factors for timely institution of appropriate intervention and thus contributing to a reduction of emergency caesareans due to fetal distress

Prescription pattern of antimicrobial agents by dental practitioners: a questionnaire based study

Background: The aim of this study was to know the pattern & rationality of antimicrobial prescription by dental practitioners.Methods: It was questionnaire based cross sectional study. A total of 175 questionnaires were distributed to dental practitioners working in a tertiary care Dental College & Hospital and private practitioners in Jaipur (Rajasthan). The questionnaire contained questions about years of practice, diagnosis for which antimicrobial were prescribed, dosage and duration of antimicrobial drugs for prophylaxis, acute and chronic conditions, patient compliance & adverse effects. Data was expressed as counts and percentages.Results: Out of 175 questionnaires distributed, 150 were included in the study. 78% dentists had practices less than 5 years duration. Most common indications for which antimicrobials were prescribed were abscess, cellulitis, irreversible pulpitis, and acute gingivitis. Most common antimicrobials used for prophylaxis were Amoxycillin and Metronidazole. For the treatment of acute and chronic conditions, Amoxycillin, Metronidazole, Ofloxacin and Ornidazole alone or in combination were used. Only 20% dentist advised culture & sensitivity tests. 74% patients completed the recommended course of antimicrobials. 56% patients reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with the most common being nausea and vomiting, but only 13% dentists reported them to proper authorities.Conclusions: In this study, Amoxycillin and Metronidazole were the most common drugs used for the management of oral diseases, but were prescribed without culture & sensitivity in most cases. 56% patients reported ADRs, but only 13% dentists reported them to proper authorities. Appropriate measures need to be taken to promote rational prescribing and ADR reporting

Liberalization, globalization and the dynamics of democracy in India

In the closing decades of the twentieth century there has been an almost complete intellectual triumph of the twin principles of marketization (understood here as referring to the liberalization of domestic markets and freer international mobility of goods, services, financial capital and perhaps, more arguably, labour) and democratization . A paradigm shift of this extent and magnitude would not have occurred in the absence of some broad consensus among policymakers and (sections of) intellectuals around the globe on the desirability of such a change. There seems to be a two-fold causal nexus between marketization and democracy. The first is more direct, stemming from the fact of both systems sharing certain values and attitudes in common. But there is also a second more indirect chain from marketization to democracy, which is predicated via three sub-chains (i) from marketization to growth, (ii) from growth to overall material development welfare and (iii) from material development to social welfare and democracy. We examine each of these sub-links in detail with a view to obtaining a greater understanding of the hypothesized role of free markets in promoting democracies. In the later part of the paper we examine the socio-economic outcomes governing the quality of democracy in a specifically Indian context

The CMS Outer Hadron Calorimeter

The CMS hadron calorimeter is a sampling calorimeter with brass absorber and plastic scintillator tiles with wavelength shifting fibres for carrying the light to the readout device. The barrel hadron calorimeter is complemented with a outer calorimeter to ensure high energy shower containment in CMS and thus working as a tail catcher. Fabrication, testing and calibrations of the outer hadron calorimeter are carried out keeping in mind its importance in the energy measurement of jets in view of linearity and resolution. It will provide a net improvement in missing \et measurements at LHC energies. The outer hadron calorimeter has a very good signal to background ratio even for a minimum ionising particle and can hence be used in coincidence with the Resistive Plate Chambers of the CMS detector for the muon trigger

Skill formation and precarious labor: the historical role of the industrial training institutes in India 1950-2018

This paper explores the historical and ideological contestations over the meaning, nature and scope of industrial skill training in state-sponsored Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) in their attempts to create a disciplined and committed labour force in India. Through a combination of conceptual insights drawn from Indian labour historiography and ethnographic participant research, the paper addresses the challenges faced by ITIs in maintaining a unified, centralized vision for industrial skill-training of workers under conditions of vastly uneven geographical development of the industrial sector and progressively intense interregional capital mobility in contemporary India

Design, Performance, and Calibration of the CMS Hadron-Outer Calorimeter

The CMS hadron calorimeter is a sampling calorimeter with brass absorber and plastic scintillator tiles with wavelength shifting fibres for carrying the light to the readout device. The barrel hadron calorimeter is complemented with an outer calorimeter to ensure high energy shower containment in the calorimeter. Fabrication, testing and calibration of the outer hadron calorimeter are carried out keeping in mind its importance in the energy measurement of jets in view of linearity and resolution. It will provide a net improvement in missing \et measurements at LHC energies. The outer hadron calorimeter will also be used for the muon trigger in coincidence with other muon chambers in CMS

Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació