Apeline et métabolisme énergétique : implication dans la résistance à l'insuline

L'apeline est le ligand endogène du récepteur membranaire couplé aux protéines G appelé APJ. Plusieurs isoformes de ce peptide existent comme l'apeline-36 et l'apeline-13. L'apeline et APJ sont exprimés dans le système nerveux central, en particulier dans l'hypothalamus et dans de nombreux tissus périphériques (coeur, poumons, cellules endothéliales, muscle squelettique...). L'apeline est impliquée dans la régulation de la prise hydrique par ses effets diurétiques, des fonctions cardiovasculaires, de la prise alimentaire, de la prolifération cellulaire et de l'angiogenèse. L'apeline a été décrite par notre groupe comme pouvant être produite et sécrétée par les adipocytes chez la souris et chez l'Homme. Avec l'obésité et les pathologies associées comme le diabète de type 2, les concentrations plasmatiques d'apeline sont augmentées. Le lien entre l'apeline et les troubles métaboliques est un nouveau domaine d'investigation. Des données récentes du laboratoire et par d'autres équipes ont mis en évidence un rôle important de l'apeline sur le métabolisme glucidique. Les travaux réalisés au cours de la thèse ont eu pour objectif d'étudier les effets de l'apeline sur le métabolisme lipidique et, dans un premier temps, les effets sur le tissu adipeux. Nous avons pu montrer que sur du tissu adipeux humain, l'apeline stimule l'AMPK, une enzyme importante dans la régulation du métabolisme énergétique. De plus, l'apeline stimule le transport de glucose par une voie dépendante de l'AMPK mais n'a pas d'effet sur la lipolyse. Dans un deuxième temps, l'effet d'un traitement chronique à l'apeline a été étudié sur le métabolisme lipidique du muscle squelettique chez des souris obèses et résistantes à l'insuline. Nous avons pu montrer une augmentation de l'utilisation des lipides in vivo et ex vivo sur le muscle soléaire de souris traitées à l'apeline. Cet effet est associé à une augmentation de la biogenèse mitochondriale permettant une meilleure capacité oxydative du muscle squelettique et à une diminution de la formation d'acylcarnitines. Enfin, le traitement chronique à l'apeline améliore globalement la sensibilité à l'insuline mais aussi au niveau musculaire, en augmentant le transport de glucose stimulé par l'insuline. Ainsi, l'ensemble de ces résultats a permis d'identifier de nouveaux effets métaboliques pour l'apeline, ceux-ci pouvant participer à l'amélioration de la sensibilité à l'insuline. L'apeline et son récepteur APJ constituent ainsi une cible pharmacologique d'avenir dans le traitement du diabète de type 2.Apelin is the endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor named APJ. Several isoforms of this peptide exists as apelin-36 and apelin-13. Apelin and APJ are expressed in the central nervous system, particularly in the hypothalamus and in many peripheral tissues (heart, lungs, endothelial cells, skeletal muscle ...). Apelin is involved in fluid homeostasis by its diuretic effect, in the regulation of cardiovascular function, food intake, cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Apelin has been described by our group as being produced and secreted by adipocytes in mice and humans. With obesity and associated diseases such as diabetes type 2, plasma concentrations of apelin are increased. The relationship between apelin and metabolic disorders is a new area of investigation. Recent data from our laboratory and by other teams have shown an important role of apelin on carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of the work, done during the thesis, was to study the effects of apelin on lipid metabolism on both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in physiological and pathological conditions such as insulin resistance. First, acute effect of apelin was studied on human adipose tissue. We have shown that on adipose tissue explants, apelin stimulated AMPK, an enzyme important in regulating energy metabolism. Moreover, apelin stimulated glucose transport by an AMPK-dependent pathway but has no effect on lipolysis (basal or stimulated). Secondly, the effect of chronic apelin treatment has been studied on lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle of obese and insulin resistant mice. We have shown an increased utilization of lipids in vivo and ex vivo in the soleus muscle of mice treated with apelin. This effect was associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis allowing better oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle. Finally, chronic treatment with apelin improves overall insulin sensitivity but also in muscle, by decreasing acylcarnitine levels and increasing insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Altogether, these results show that apelin treatment allows muscle mitochondria to better cope with a high fat diet in order to induce metabolic benefits. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is now considered as a central event in whole body metabolic dysregulation with regards to type 2 diabetes, apelin represents an attractive therapeutic target by acting on both glucose and lipid metabolism

Guidelines for Biobanking of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Related Cell Types: Report of the Biobanking Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society

Over the last two decades, increased interest of scientists to study bone marrow adiposity (BMA) in relation to bone and adipose tissue physiology has expanded the number of publications using different sources of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT). However, each source of BMAT has its limitations in the number of downstream analyses for which it can be used. Based on this increased scientific demand, the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS) established a Biobanking Working Group to identify the challenges of biobanking for human BMA-related samples and to develop guidelines to advance establishment of biobanks for BMA research. BMA is a young, growing field with increased interest among many diverse scientific communities. These bring new perspectives and important biological questions on how to improve and build an international community with biobank databases that can be used and shared all over the world. However, to create internationally accessible biobanks, several practical and legislative issues must be addressed to create a general ethical protocol used in all institutes, to allow for exchange of biological material internationally. In this position paper, the BMAS Biobanking Working Group describes similarities and differences of patient information (PIF) and consent forms from different institutes and addresses a possibility to create uniform documents for BMA biobanking purposes. Further, based on discussion among Working Group members, we report an overview of the current isolation protocols for human bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, formerly mesenchymal), highlighting the specific points crucial for effective isolation. Although we remain far from a unified BMAd isolation protocol and PIF, we have summarized all of these important aspects, which are needed to build a BMA biobank. In conclusion, we believe that harmonizing isolation protocols and PIF globally will help to build international collaborations and improve the quality and interpretation of BMA research outcomes

Apelin, diabetes, and obesity.

International audienceApelin is a peptide known as the ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ. Several active apelin forms exist such as apelin-36, apelin-17, apelin-13, and the pyroglutamated form of apelin-13. Apelin and APJ are expressed in the central nervous system, particularly in the hypothalamus and in many peripheral tissues. Apelin has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cardiovascular and fluid homeostasis, food intake, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. In addition to be an ubiquitous peptide, apelin is also produced and secreted by adipocytes and thus considered as an adipokine. This has opened a new field of investigation establishing a link between apelin and metabolic disorders (obesity, type 2 diabetes, etc.) which is the focus of the present review. Several studies, but not all, have reported an increase of plasma apelin concentrations in humans and in animal models with different metabolic pathologies. Moreover, important roles for apelin both in glucose and lipid metabolism have been highlighted as well as the associated signaling pathways. Apelin appears as a beneficial adipokine with anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties and thus as a promising therapeutic target in metabolic disorders

Transition from metabolic adaptation to maladaptation of the heart in obesity: role of apelin.

International audienceBackground/Objectives:Impaired energy metabolism is the defining characteristic of obesity-related heart failure. The adipocyte-derived peptide apelin has a role in the regulation of cardiovascular and metabolic homeostasis and may contribute to the link between obesity, energy metabolism and cardiac function. Here we investigate the role of apelin in the transition from metabolic adaptation to maladaptation of the heart in obese state.Methods:Adult male C57BL/6J, apelin knock-out (KO) or wild-type mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 18 weeks. To induce heart failure, mice were subjected to pressure overload after 18 weeks of HFD. Long-term effects of apelin on fatty acid (FA) oxidation, glucose metabolism, cardiac function and mitochondrial changes were evaluated in HFD-fed mice after 4 weeks of pressure overload. Cardiomyocytes from HFD-fed mice were isolated for analysis of metabolic responses.Results:In HFD-fed mice, pressure overload-induced transition from hypertrophy to heart failure is associated with reduced FA utilization (P<0.05), accelerated glucose oxidation (P<0.05) and mitochondrial damage. Treatment of HFD-fed mice with apelin for 4 weeks prevented pressure overload-induced decline in FA metabolism (P<0.05) and mitochondrial defects. Furthermore, apelin treatment lowered fasting plasma glucose (P<0.01), improved glucose tolerance (P<0.05) and preserved cardiac function (P<0.05) in HFD-fed mice subjected to pressure overload. In apelin KO HFD-fed mice, spontaneous cardiac dysfunction is associated with reduced FA oxidation (P<0.001) and increased glucose oxidation (P<0.05). In isolated cardiomyocytes, apelin stimulated FA oxidation in a dose-dependent manner and this effect was prevented by small interfering RNA sirtuin 3 knockdown.Conclusions:These data suggest that obesity-related decline in cardiac function is associated with defective myocardial energy metabolism and mitochondrial abnormalities. Furthermore, our work points for therapeutic potential of apelin to prevent myocardial metabolic abnormalities in heart failure paired with obesity.International Journal of Obesity advance online publication, 12 August 2014; doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.122

Differential Insulin Secretion of High-Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6NN and C57BL/6NJ Mice: Implications of Mixed Genetic Background in Metabolic Studies.

Many metabolic studies employ tissue-specific gene knockout mice, which requires breeding of floxed gene mice, available mostly on C57BL/6N (NN) genetic background, with cre or Flp recombinase-expressing mice, available on C57BL/6J (JJ) background, resulting in the generation of mixed C57BL/6NJ (NJ) genetic background mice. Recent awareness of many genetic differences between NN and JJ strains including the deletion of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (nnt), necessitates examination of the consequence of mixed NJ background on glucose tolerance, beta cell function and other metabolic parameters. Male mice with NN and NJ genetic background were fed with normal or high fat diets (HFD) for 12 weeks and glucose and insulin homeostasis were studied. Genotype had no effect on body weight and food intake in mice fed normal or high fat diets. Insulinemia in the fed and fasted states and after a glucose challenge was lower in HFD-fed NJ mice, even though their glycemia and insulin sensitivity were similar to NN mice. NJ mice showed mild glucose intolerance. Moreover, glucose- but not KCl-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated islets was decreased in HFD-fed NJ vs NN mice without changes in insulin content and beta cell mass. Under normal diet, besides reduced fed insulinemia, NN and NJ mice presented similar metabolic parameters. However, HFD-fed NJ mice displayed lower fed and fasted insulinemia and glucose-induced insulin secretion in vivo and ex vivo, as compared to NN mice. These results strongly caution against using unmatched mixed genetic background C57BL/6 mice for comparisons, particularly under HFD conditions

Apelin stimulates glucose uptake but not lipolysis in human adipose tissue ex vivo.

International audienceApelin is a peptide present in different cell types and secreted by adipocytes in humans and rodents. Apelin exerts its effects through a G-protein coupled receptor called APJ. During the last years, a role of apelin/APJ in energy metabolism has emerged. Apelin was shown to stimulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle through an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent pathway in mice. So far, no metabolic effects of apelin have been reported on human adipose tissue (AT). Thus, the effect of apelin on AMPK in AT was measured as well as AMPK-mediated effects such as inhibition of lipolysis and stimulation of glucose uptake. AMPK and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase phosphorylation were measured by western blot to reflect AMPK activity. Lipolysis and glucose uptake were measured, ex vivo, in response to apelin on isolated adipocytes and explants from AT of the subcutaneous region of healthy subjects (BMI: 25.6 ± 0.8 kg/m2, n = 30 in total). APJ mRNA and protein were present in human AT and isolated adipocytes. Apelin stimulated AMPK phosphorylation at Thr-172 in a dose-dependent manner in human AT which was associated to increased glucose uptake since, C Compound (20 μM), an AMPK inhibitor, completely prevented apelin-induced glucose uptake. However, in isolated adipocytes or AT explants, apelin had no significant effect on basal and isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis. Thus, these results reveal, for the first time, that apelin is able to act on human AT in order to stimulate AMPK and glucose uptake

Defective insulin secretory response to intravenous glucose in C57Bl/6J compared to C57Bl/6N mice

Objective: The C57Bl/6J (Bl/6J) mouse is the most widely used strain in metabolic research. This strain carries a mutation in nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt), a mitochondrial enzyme involved in NADPH production, which has been suggested to lead to glucose intolerance and beta-cell dysfunction. However, recent reports comparing Bl/6J to Bl/6N (carrying the wild-type Nnt allele) under normal diet have led to conflicting results using glucose tolerance tests. Thus, we assessed glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), insulin sensitivity, clearance and central glucose-induced insulin secretion in Bl/6J and N mice using gold-standard methodologies. Methods: GSIS was measured using complementary tests (oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests) and hyperglycemic clamps. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was assessed using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps. Neurally-mediated insulin secretion was measured during central hyperglycemia. Results: Bl/6J mice have impaired GSIS compared to Bl/6N when glucose is administered intravenously during both a tolerance test and hyperglycemic clamp, but not in response to oral glucose. First and second phases of GSIS are altered without changes in whole body insulin sensitivity, insulin clearance, beta-cell mass or central response to glucose, thereby demonstrating defective beta-cell function in Bl/6J mice. Conclusions: The Bl/6J mouse strain displays impaired insulin secretion. These results have important implications for choosing the appropriate test to assess beta-cell function and background strain in genetically modified mouse models

Human Bone Marrow Is Comprised of Adipocytes with Specific Lipid Metabolism

International audienceUnder caloric restriction, bone marrow adipocytes (BM-Ads) do not decrease in size compared to white adipocytes, suggesting they harbor unique metabolic properties. We compare human primary BM-Ads with paired subcutaneous adipocytes (SC-Ads) using proteomic and lipidomic approaches. We find that, although SC-Ads and BM-Ads share similar morphological features, they possess distinct lipid metabolism. Although BM-Ad shows enrichment in proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism, correlating with increased free cholesterol content, proteins involved in lipolysis were downregulated. In particular, monoacylglycerol lipase expression is strongly reduced in BM-Ads, leading to monoacylglycerol accumulation. Consequently, basal and induced lipolytic responses are absent in BM-Ads, affirming their differences in metabolic fitness upon caloric restriction. These specific metabolic features are not recapitulated in vitro using common protocols to differentiate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Thus, contrary to classical SC-Ads, BM-Ads display a specific lipid metabolism, as they are devoid of lipolytic activity and exhibit a cholesterol-orientated metabolism

Guidelines for Biobanking of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Related Cell Types: Report of the Biobanking Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society

Over the last two decades, increased interest of scientists to study bone marrow adiposity (BMA) in relation to bone and adipose tissue physiology has expanded the number of publications using different sources of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT). However, each source of BMAT has its limitations in the number of downstream analyses for which it can be used. Based on this increased scientific demand, the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS) established a Biobanking Working Group to identify the challenges of biobanking for human BMA-related samples and to develop guidelines to advance establishment of biobanks for BMA research. BMA is a young, growing field with increased interest among many diverse scientific communities. These bring new perspectives and important biological questions on how to improve and build an international community with biobank databases that can be used and shared all over the world. However, to create internationally accessible biobanks, several practical and legislative issues must be addressed to create a general ethical protocol used in all institutes, to allow for exchange of biological material internationally. In this position paper, the BMAS Biobanking Working Group describes similarities and differences of patient information (PIF) and consent forms from different institutes and addresses a possibility to create uniform documents for BMA biobanking purposes. Further, based on discussion among Working Group members, we report an overview of the current isolation protocols for human bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, formerly mesenchymal), highlighting the specific points crucial for effective isolation. Although we remain far from a unified BMAd isolation protocol and PIF, we have summarized all of these important aspects, which are needed to build a BMA biobank. In conclusion, we believe that harmonizing isolation protocols and PIF globally will help to build international collaborations and improve the quality and interpretation of BMA research outcomes