A tale of two parasites:statistical modelling to support disease control programmes in Africa

Vector-borne diseases have long presented major challenges to the health of rural communities in the wet tropical regions of the world, but especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper we describe the contribution that statistical modelling has made to the global elimination programme for one vector-borne disease, onchocerciasis. We explain why information on the spatial distribution of a second vector-borne disease, Loa loa, is needed before communities at high risk of onchocerciasis can be treated safely with mass distribution of ivermectin, an antifiarial medication. We show how a model-based geostatistical analysis of Loa loa prevalence survey data can be used to map the predictive probability that each location in the region of interest meets a WHO policy guideline for safe mass distribution of ivermectin and describe two applications: one is to data from Cameroon that assesses prevalence using traditional blood-smear microscopy; the other is to Africa-wide data that uses a low-cost questionnaire-based method. We describe how a recent technological development in image-based microscopy has resulted in a change of emphasis from prevalence alone to the bivariate spatial distribution of prevalence and the intensity of infection amongst infected individuals. We discuss how statistical modelling of the kind described here can contribute to health policy guidelines and decisionmaking in two ways. One is to ensure that, in a resource-limited setting, prevalence surveys are designed, and the resulting data analysed, as efficiently as possible. The other is to provide an honest quantification of the uncertainty attached to any binary decision by reporting predictive probabilities that a policy-defined condition for action is or is not met. Vector-borne diseases have long presented major challenges to the health of rural communities in the wet tropical regions of the world, but especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper we describe the contribution that statistical modelling has made to the global elimination programme for one vector-borne disease, onchocerciasis. We explain why information on the spatial distribution of a second vector-borne disease, Loa loa, is needed before communities at high risk of onchocerciasis can be treated safely with mass distribuiton of ivermectin, an antiflarial medication. We show how a model-based geostatistical analysis of Loa loa prevalence survey data can be used to map the predictive probability that each location in the region of interest meets a WHO policy guideline for safe mass distribution of ivermectin and describe two applications: one to data from Cameroon that assesses prevalence using traditional blood-smear microscopy; one to Africa-wide data that uses a low-cost questionnaire-based method. We describe how a recent technological development in image-based microscopy has resulted in a change of emphasis from prevalence alone to the bivariate spatial distribution of prevalence and the intensity of infection amongst infected individuals. We discuss how statistical modelling of the kind described here can contribute to health policy guidelines and decision-making in two ways. One is to ensure that, in a resourcelimited setting, prevalece surveys are designed, and the resulting data analysed, as efficiently as possible. The other is to provide an honest quantification of the uncertainy attached to any binary decision by reporting predictive probabilities that a policy-defined condition for action is or is not met

Regeneration dynamics of natural forest species within a stand of the invasive alien Acacia mearnsii along the Buffeljagsrivier, Swellendam, South Africa

Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Several studies have shown that stands of invasive alien plants in the natural forest environment can facilitate the rehabilitation and recovery of such forests and challenged the general and global perception that such invasive species threaten the biodiversity and functioning of natural vegetation systems. The aim of this study was to develop an understanding of the dynamics of the spread and establishment of natural forest species in a large stand of the invasive alien plant species Acacia mearnsii (Black wattle) along the Buffeljagsrivier, Western Cape, South Africa. Several patches of Moist forest, Dry forest and Riparian forest occur along the Buffeljagsrivier, above the Buffeljagsrivier dam. The stand of Black wattle consists of 90 ha for a distance of 3.12 km. The main objective was pursued through four specific objectives: (i) to map and assess the patterns in the distribution, size and species composition of the natural forest clusters within the Black wattle stand; (ii) to determine the relationship between natural forest clusters establishing within the Black wattle stand and the neighboring natural forest patches as potential seed sources for the developing forest clusters; (iii) to determine the subsequent spread of natural forest species from the developing forest clusters into the rest of the Black wattle stand; and (iv) to synthesize the information on the dynamics of the spread and establishment of natural forest species into the Black wattle stand as a basis for developing general guidelines for the conversion of invasive alien plant stands in the forest environment towards regrowing natural forest. In total, 329 clusters of natural forest species were GPS recorded and mapped (Arc-GIS) in three zones (Proximal, Intermediate and Distant in relation to the forest patches) within the Black wattle stand: 266 small clusters (one to three reproductively mature trees), 36 medium sized clusters (four to nine trees) and 27 large clusters (more than 10 trees). Large clusters were abundant in the zone close to the natural forest patches and the number of small clusters increased with increasing distance from the forest patches. A total of 28 species of 20 families were recorded. Natural forest species are therefore able to establish within a Black wattle stand. The relationship between natural forest clusters establishing within the Black wattle stand and the natural forest patches as potential seed sources was studied by sampling the stand composition along transects through the stands. A total of 55 rectangular plots (20 m x 10 m, 200 m2) were sampled across forest patches and forest clusters. Hierarchical clustering analysis, using number of stems of a species per plot, identified three main groups and 10 sub-groups. All the sampled forest clusters were included in four of the five Riparian forest sub-groups. Most Moist and Dry forest species were absent from the forest clusters. The three main forest types differed in their general characteristics and site conditions, and this was supported by the ordination analyses: aspect, slope and canopy closure. The developing forest clusters within the Black wattle stand related more to the Riparian forest in terms of similar very gentle south-westerly slope and mean stem diameter. This suggested Riparian forest to be the primary seed source of the establishing forest clusters within the Black wattle stand. However, the large-sized stems of common species were not significantly different between Riparian forest patches and forest clusters, suggesting that large-sized stems in the forest clusters could be part of remnant forest patches, which could act as local seed sources. Detailed evaluation of species importance values and stem diameter distributions showed that some important Moist and Dry forest species are present in the forest clusters. The conclusion was that every type of forest patch contributes to a greater or lesser degree to the development of forest clusters within the Black wattle stand. Seven large clusters were selected to sample the regeneration of natural forest species within 18 m from the forest cluster boundary. Two species lists were generated; one of species from adjacent natural forest patches, and another from 59 forest clusters of all sizes sampled throughout the wattle stand. The results indicated that (1) Mature trees of well-established forest clusters were the main seed sources for the cluster expansion in all directions; (2) Three different patterns were observed in terms of the distance of expansion of regeneration from the clusters: a decrease in regeneration with increasing distance from the cluster margin; increasing regeneration with increasing distance from the cluster; and no distinct pattern with a lack of regeneration of the dominant species of a forest cluster. The 40 species recorded within the Buffeljagsrivier site include a wide range of fruit and seed characteristics. Four main groups of woody species were identified, based on their presence/absence in forest patches and forest clusters. The presence/absence of most species can be explained in terms of their fruit/seed characteristics and dispersal mechanisms. The majority of recorded woody species were most likely dispersed by birds and mammal, particularly Rameron pigeons and baboons. In conclusion, a conceptual framework was developed to guide the rehabilitation of stands of light demanding invasive stands in the forest environment. Several topics for further research were identified.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie studies het gewys dat opstande van uitheemse indringerplante in die woudomgewing kan die rehabilitasie en herstel van sulke woude fasiliteer, en daag die algemene en globale persepsie uit dat sulke indringerplantspecies die biodiversiteit en funksionering van natuurlike plantegroeisisteme bedreig. Die doel van hierdie studie was om ‘n beter begrip te ontwikkel van die dinamika vir die verspreiding en vestiging van inheemse woudspesies binne ‘n omvangryke opstand van die uitheemse indringerplant, Acacia mearnsii (swartwattel), langs die Buffeljagsrivier, Wes-Kaap, Suid Afrika. Verskeie kolle (‘patches’) van Vogtige, Droë- en Oewerwoud kom langs die Buffeljagsrivier voor. Die swartwattel opstand van ongeveer 90 ha groei langs die Buffeljagsrivier oor ‘n afstand van 3.12 km, tussen die dam en die woudkolle aan die stroom-op kant van die swartwattelopstand. Die hoofdoel is nagevolg deur vier spesifieke doelwitte: (i) om die groepies (‘clusters’) vestigende inheemse houtagtige plantsoorte binne die swartwattelbos te karteer en die patrone in hul verspreiding, grootte en spesies samestelling binne die swartwattelopstand te evalueer; (ii) om die verwantskap tussen natuurlike woudgroepies wat binne die swartwattelopstand vestig en die aangrensende woudkolle as potensiële saadbronne vir die ontwikkelende woudgroepies te bepaal; (iii) om die daaropvolgende verspreiding van inheemse woudspesies vanaf die ontwikkelende woudgroepies binne die res van die swartwattelopstand te bepaal; en (iv) om die inligting oor die dinamika van die verspreiding en vestiging van die woudspesies binne-in die swartwattelopstand saam te vat as ‘n basis vir die ontwikkeling van algemene riglyne vir die omskepping van uitheemse indringerplantopstande in die woudomgewing na hergroeiende inheemse woud. In totaal is 329 groepies van inheemse woudspesies aangeteken (via GPS) en gekarteer (Arc-GIS) in drie sones (nabygeleë, intermediêre en afgeleë) binne die swartwattel opstand: 266 klein groepies (een tot drie voortplantingsvolwasse bome), 36 medium-grootte groepies (vier tot nege bome) en 27 groot groepies (10 of meer bome). Groot groepies was volop in die sone naby aan die woudkolle en die aantal klein groepies het toegeneem met toenemende afstand vanaf die woudkolle. ‘n Totaal van 28 species van 20 families is aangeteken, en spesies soos Canthium inerme, Celtis africana, Gymnosporia buxifolia, Rapanea melanophloeos en Vepris lanceolata was algemeen binne die swartwattelopstand. Dit is daarom moontlik vir inheemse woudspesies om binne die swartwattelopstand te vestig. Die verhouding tussen inheemse woudgroepies wat binne die swartwattelopstand vestig en die woudkolle as potensiële saadbronne is bestudeer deur die opstandsamestelling langs transekte deur die opstande te bemonster. ‘n Totaal van 55 reghoekige persele (20 x 10 m, 200 m2) is opgemeet: nege in Droeëwoudkolle, 17 in Vogtige woudkolle, 20 in Oewerwoudkolle, en nege in die woudgroepies binne the swartwattelopstand. Hiërargiese Groeperingsanalise, gebaseer op aantal stamme van ‘n spesies per plot, het drie hoofgroepe en 10 sub-groepe ge-identifiseer: Vogtige woud met drie sub-groepe, Oewerwoud met vyf sub-groepe, en Droeëwoud met twee sub-groepe. Al die gemete woudgroepies is in vier van die Oewerwoud sub-groepe ingesluit. Die meeste Vogtige en Droeëwoud spesies was afwesig van die woudgroepies. Die hoof woudtipes (Droog, Vogtig, Oewer) verskil in hul algemene eienskappe en groeiplektoestande, en dis ondersteun deur die ordinasie-analises: aspek, helling en kroonsluiting. Die ontwikkelende woudgroepies binne die swartwattelopstand was nouer verbonde met Oewerwoud in terme van soortglyke baie geleidelike suid-westelike helling en gemiddelde stamdeursneë. Dit veronderstel dat Oewerwoud is die primêre saadbron van die vestigende woudgroepies binne die swartwattelopstand. Baie inheemse woudspesies kom egter oor die verskillende groepe en sub-groepe voor, met goeie verjonging oor die gemeenskappe. Die stamdeursneë van goter stamme van algemene spesies was niebeduidend verskillend tussen die Oewerwoudkolle en die woudgroepies, en dit veronderstel dat die groter stamme in die woudgroepies kan deel wees van oorblywende woudkolle, wat as plaaslike saadbronne kan dien. Gedetaileerde ontleding van spesies belangrikheidswaardes en stamdeursneëklasverdelings het getoon dat sommige belangrike Vogtige en Droeëwoud spesies is wel teenwoordig in die woudgroepies. Die gevolgtrekking was dat elke tipe woudkol in a mindere of meerdere mate bydra tot die ontwikkeling van die woudgroepies binne die swartwattelopstand. Sewe groot woudgroepies is geselekteer om die woudverjonging binne 18 m vanaf die woudgroepierand te bemonster. Twee spesieslyste is saamgestel; een van spesies van die aangrensende woudkolle, en een van spesies van 59 woudgroepies van alle groottes wat deur die hele swartwattelopstand aangeteken is. Die resultate het aangetoon dat (1) volwasse bome van goed-gevestigde woudgroepies was die hoof saadbronne vir die uitbreiding van die woudgroepies in all rigtings; (2) drie verskillende patrone is waargeneem in terme van die afstand van uitbreiding van verjonging weg vanaf die woudgroepies: ‘n afname in verjonging met toenemende afstand vanaf die groepierand; toenemende verjonging met toenemende afstand vanaf die woudgroepie; en geen beduidende patroon met ‘n gebrek aan verjonging van die dominante spesies van die woudgroepie. Die 40 spesies wat binne die Buffeljagsrivierstudiegebied aangeteken is het ‘n wye reeks vrug- en saadeienskappe ingesluit. Vier hoofgroepe van houtagtige spesies is geïdentifiseer, gebaseer op hul aan- of afwesigheid in die woudgroepies and woudkolle: spesies algemeen in die woudkolle en teenwoordig in die woudgroepies; spesies spesifiek to bepaalde woudkolle en teenwoordig in die woudgroepies; spesies teenwoordig in die woudkolle maar afwesig van die woudgroepies; en spesies afwesig van die woudkolle maar teenwoordig in die woudgroepies. Die aan- of afwesigheid van die meeste spesies kan verduidelik word in terme van hul vrug/saadeienskappe en verspreidingsmeganismes. Die meerderheid van aangetekende houtagtige spesies was meeswaarskynlik deur voëls en soogdiere versprei, veral Geelbekbosduiwe en Bobbejane. Ten slotte, ‘n konsepsuele raamwerk is ontwikkel om die rehabilitasie van opstande van ligafhanklike indringerspesies in die woudomgewing te rig. Verskeie onderwerpe vir verdere navorsing is geïdentifiseer.RESUME: Plusieurs études ont montré que les peuplements de plantes exotiques envahissantes dans le milieu de forêt naturelle peuvent favoriser la réhabilitation de ces forêts contestant par-là, la perception générale et globale que ces espèces envahissantes menacent la biodiversité et le fonctionnement des systèmes de végétation naturelle. L’objective de cet étude était de mieux comprendre le dynamisme d’établissement et de propagation dans une forêt naturelle des espèces forestières au sein d’un large peuplement de l'espèce de plantes exotiques envahissantes Acacia mearnsii (acacia noir) le long de Buffeljagsrivier, Western Cape, en Afrique du Sud afin d’élaborer des axes directives de réhabilitation relative aux recouvrements d’espèces invasive. La forêt de Buffeljagsrivier s’étale sur un gradient de petites parcelles de forêt allant de forêt sèche, humide et marécageux. Au milieu de ces parcelles de Buffeljagsrivier, on circonscrit un peuplement d’acacia noir estimé à 90 ha sur une distance de 3,12 km. L’objective principal s’est poursuit à travers quatre sous objectives à savoir: (i) cartographier et évaluer les formes d’ invasions dans la distribution, la taille et la composition des recouvrements des espèces de forêt naturelle à l’intérieur du recouvrement d’acacia noir servant comme preuve possible de l’existence et établissement des espèces de forêt naturelle sous un recouvrement d'une espèces invasive; (ii) de déterminer la relation entre les recouvrements de forêt naturelle s’établissant á l’intérieur du peuplement d’acacia noir et ceux de la forêt naturelle avoisinante humide, sèche et marécageuse pouvant être considéré comme sources potentiel de semences conduisant au développement des premiers recouvrement cités; (iii) de déterminer l’étalement subséquent des espèces de la forêt naturelle à partir des recouvrements d’ acacia noir se développant à l’intérieur du reste du peuplement de l’Acacia noir; (iv) Synthétiser les informations sur la dynamique de la propagation et l'établissement d'espèces forestières naturelles dans l’acacia noir comme une base pour l'élaboration des lignes directrices générales pour la conversion de peuplements de plantes exotiques envahissantes se trouvant dans l'environnement de la forêt vers des repousses des forêts naturelles. Au total, 329 recouvrements d'espèces forestières naturelles ont été GPS enregistrées et cartographiées (Arc -GIS) dans trois zones (Proximale, Intermédiaire et Eloignée par rapport aux parcelles de forêt avoisinantes) dans le peuplement de l'acacia noir: 266 petits recouvrements avaient un à trois arbres matures, 36 recouvrements de taille moyenne avaient quatre à neuf arbres matures et 27 larges recouvrements avaient plus de 10 arbres matures. La visualisation de la carte a révélé que les larges recouvrements de forêt mature étaient abondant dans la zone proche des parcelles de forêt naturelle avoisinantes et que de petits recouvrements de jeunes arbres de forêt naturelles croissaient en nombre à mesure que la distance depuis les parcelles de forêts naturelles adjacentes s’élargissait. Un total de 28 espèces appartenant à 20 familles a été répertorié. Deux familles, Rubiaceae suivit de Anacardiaceae ont dominé l’echantillon. Les espèces forestières naturelles sont donc en mesure de s’établir dans un peuplement d'acacia noir. L’échantillon qui a servi à l’évaluation des sources de semences pour le développement des recouvrements de forêt naturelle à travers l’investigation de la relation entre les recouvrements de forêt naturels qui s’établissent à l’intérieur du peuplement d’acacia noir et les parcelles de forêt avoisinantes humide, sèche et marécageuse était constitué de 55 placettes rectangulaires de 200m2 le long de layons à travers le site d’étude. Une analyse hiérarchique des recouvrements réalisée sur la composition des espèces de l’échantillon a révèle que la forêt marécageuse concentre les espèces les plus fréquentes des recouvrements de forêts, et que la majorité des espèces présentes sur les parcelles des forêts sèches et humides étaient absente dans l’ensemble des recouvrements des forêts de l’acaci noir. Les trois principaux types de forêts différaient dans leurs caractéristiques générales et les conditions du site, et cela a été appuyé par l’analyse d’ordinants à partir de trois facteurs environnementaux, la pente, l’angle d’inclinaison par rapport au soleil, et la fermeture de la canopée. Les recouvrements de foret en développement au sein de l'acacia noir se sont trouvés davantage liés à la forêt marécageuse en termes de pente plate orientée sud-ouest et en diamètre moyen des arbres. Ces résultats ont désigné la forêt marécageuse comme la première source potentielle de semences permettant l’établissement des recouvrements de forêt à l’intérieur des peuplements d’acacia noir. Cependant, les souches d’arbres de grande taille des espèces communes entre les parcelles de forêts marécageuses et les recouvrements de forêt dans l’acaci noir n'étaient pas significativement différents, suggérant ainsi que ces arbres de grande taille trouves dans les recouvrements de foret pourraient faire parties des parcelles de forêt subsistantes de la dernière turbulence. Elles pourraient constituer des sources locales de semences. Par ailleurs, une évaluation détaillée des valeurs d'importance des espèces et des distributions des diamètres des souches d’arbres a montré que certaines espèces importantes de forêts humides et sèches sont présentes dans les recouvrements de foret. Finalement l’on conclue que chaque type de parcelles de forêt contribue plus ou moins à l’établissement des recouvrements de forêt dans le peuplement de l'acacia noir. Sept grands recouvrements de foret ont été sélectionnés pour étudier la régénération des espèces forestières naturelles sur un rayon de 18 m depuis la limite du recouvrement de foret. Deux listes d'espèces ont été générées, l'une des espèces de parcelles de forêt naturelle adjacentes, et une autre venant des 59 recouvrements de foret, toutes tailles confondues le long de l'acacia noir. Les résultats ont indiqué que (1) Les recouvrements de forêts, lorsque bien matures et bien établies devenaient les principales sources de semences pour leur expansion sur toutes les directions; (2) Trois allures différentes ont été observées en fonction de la distance de l'expansion de la régénération autour des recouvrements: une diminution de la régénération avec l'augmentation de la distance; une croissance de la régénération avec une distance croissante depuis les revcouvrements de foret, et pas d’allure particulaire voire une absence de régénération de certaines especes pourtant dominant dans les recouvrements de foret. Les 40 espèces recensées sur le site deBuffeljagsrivier comprennent un large éventail de caractéristiques de fruits et de graines. Quatre principaux groupes d'espèces ligneuses ont été identifiées, en fonction de leur présence / absence dans des parcelles de forêt et les recouvrements de forêt. De façon générale, la présence / absence de la plupart des espèces a pu être expliquée en termes de caractéristiques de leur fruits/graines et les mécanismes de dispersion. La majorité des espèces ligneuses enregistrées sont susceptibles d’être dispersées par les oiseaux et les mammifères, en particulier les pigeons rameron et les babouins vues sur le terrain. En conclusion, un cadre conceptuel a été élaboré pour guider la réhabilitation de peuplements envahissants de lumière en milieu forestier. Plusieurs sujets pour des recherches plus poussées ont été identifiés

Facilitating the recovery of natural evergreen forests in South Africa via invader plant stands

Contrary to general belief, planted and naturalized stands of introduced species facilitate the recovery of natural evergreen forests and their diversity. Forest rehabilitation actions are often performed at great cost: mature forest species are planted, while species with adaptations to recover effectively and quickly after severe disturbance are ignored; or stands are cleared of invasive alien species before native tree species are planted. By contrast, cost-effective commercial plantation forestry systems generally use fast-growing pioneer tree species introduced from other natural forest regions. Such planted tree stands often facilitate the recovery of shade-tolerant native forest species. This paper provides a brief overview of disturbance-recovery processes at landscape level, and how pioneer stands of both native and introduced tree species develop from monocultures to diverse mature forest communities. It uses one example of a study of how natural forest species from small forest patches of 3 ha in total invaded a 90-ha stand of the invasive Black wattle, Acacia mearnsii, over a distance of 3.1 ha at Swellendam near Cape Town, South Africa. The study recorded 329 forest species clusters across the wattle stand: more large clusters closer to and more smaller clusters further away from natural forest patches. The 28 recorded forest species (of potentially 40 species in the surrounding forest patches) included 79% tree and 21% shrub species. Colonizing forest species had mostly larger fleshy fruit and softer small seeds, and were dispersed by mostly birds and primate species. Maturing forest trees within developing clusters in the wattle stand became a source for forest regeneration away from the clusters, showing different expansion patterns. Four sets of fenced-unfenced plots in the wattle stand showed the impact of browsing by livestock, antelope, rodents and insects on the successful establishment of regenerating forest species, and the dramatic effect of excluding browsing. The results support the approach to rather selectively manipulate than clear invader plant stands in the natural forest environment. This approach invests in the natural succession process rather than planting. It protects developing seedlings against browsing by stacking invader plant debris around them, rather than protecting them by means of costly fencing. This forest recovery process through nurse stands of invasive species can be managed, with additional benefits: Indigenous tree species provide for better streambank stability; and the practice provides for local job creation over a 10-year period for harvesting poles and firewood from the manipulative conversion process.https://forestecosyst.springeropen.comam2019Plant Production and Soil Scienc

Ecologie et rôle épidémiologique des populations de stomoxes (Diptera : Muscidae) au Gabon

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Facilitating the recovery of natural evergreen forests in South Africa via invader plant stands

CITATION: Geldenhuys, C. J., Atsame-Edda, A. & Mugure, M. W. 2017. Facilitating the recovery of natural evergreen forests in South Africa via invader plant stands. Forest Ecosystems, 4:21, doi:10.1186/s40663-017-0108-9.The original publication is available at https://forestecosyst.springeropen.comENGLISH ABSTRACT: Contrary to general belief, planted and naturalized stands of introduced species facilitate the recovery of natural evergreen forests and their diversity. Forest rehabilitation actions are often performed at great cost: mature forest species are planted, while species with adaptations to recover effectively and quickly after severe disturbance are ignored; or stands are cleared of invasive alien species before native tree species are planted. By contrast, cost-effective commercial plantation forestry systems generally use fast-growing pioneer tree species introduced from other natural forest regions. Such planted tree stands often facilitate the recovery of shade-tolerant native forest species. This paper provides a brief overview of disturbance-recovery processes at landscape level, and how pioneer stands of both native and introduced tree species develop from monocultures to diverse mature forest communities. It uses one example of a study of how natural forest species from small forest patches of 3 ha in total invaded a 90-ha stand of the invasive Black wattle, Acacia mearnsii, over a distance of 3.1 ha at Swellendam near Cape Town, South Africa. The study recorded 329 forest species clusters across the wattle stand: more large clusters closer to and more smaller clusters further away from natural forest patches. The 28 recorded forest species (of potentially 40 species in the surrounding forest patches) included 79% tree and 21% shrub species. Colonizing forest species had mostly larger fleshy fruit and softer small seeds, and were dispersed by mostly birds and primate species. Maturing forest trees within developing clusters in the wattle stand became a source for forest regeneration away from the clusters, showing different expansion patterns. Four sets of fenced-unfenced plots in the wattle stand showed the impact of browsing by livestock, antelope, rodents and insects on the successful establishment of regenerating forest species, and the dramatic effect of excluding browsing. The results support the approach to rather selectively manipulate than clear invader plant stands in the natural forest environment. This approach invests in the natural succession process rather than planting. It protects developing seedlings against browsing by stacking invader plant debris around them, rather than protecting them by means of costly fencing. This forest recovery process through nurse stands of invasive species can be managed, with additional benefits: Indigenous tree species provide for better streambank stability; and the practice provides for local job creation over a 10-year period for harvesting poles and firewood from the manipulative conversion process.https://forestecosyst.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40663-017-0108-9Publisher's versio

Écologie des stomoxes (Diptera: Muscidae) au Gabon. I: Premier inventaire dans différentes zones écologiques

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Inventaire des Stomoxes (Diptera : Muscidae) au Gabon

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PISCO: Physical Oceanography: moored temperature data: Point Arguello, California, USA (ARG)

This metadata record describes moored seawater temperature data collected at Point Arguello, California, USA, by PISCO. Measurements were collected using StowAway Tidbit Temperature Loggers (Onset Computer Corp. TBIC32+4+27) beginning 2000-08-29. The instrument depth was 014 meters, in an overall water depth of 015 meters (both relative to Mean Sea Level, MSL). The sampling interval was 2.0 minutes

Inventaire des Stomoxes (Diptera : Muscidae) au Gabon

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Bilateral pheochromocytoma with ganglioneuroma component associated with multiple neuroendocrine neoplasia type 2A: a case report

Abstract Background Composite pheochromocytoma/paragangliomas are very rare tumors composed of ordinary pheochromocytoma paragangliomas associated with neurogenic tumors. Several hereditary susceptibility disorders are known to be associated with pheochromocytoma/paragangliomas such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (2A or B). To the best of our knowledge, only four cases of composite pheochromocytoma/paragangliomas associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 have been reported. Case presentation A 40-year-old Arabic woman presented with headache, palpitations, paroxysmal hypertension, and weight loss, which she had had for the last 3 years. She had a familial history of diabetes and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. A radiological examination revealed thyroid lesions and bilateral adrenal medulla tumors. Our patient had undergone bilateral adrenalectomy, total thyroidectomy with cervical lymphadenectomy, and parathyroidectomy. A pathological examination confirmed the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A consisting of left medullary pheochromocytoma, right medullary composite pheochromocytoma-ganglioneuroma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with lymph node metastasis and parathyroid hyperplasia. A genetic analysis also revealed that our patient had a RET germline mutation. Conclusion Composite pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 is a very rare occurrence, as the current literature provides only a few cases. Further reported cases are needed in order to understand the behavior and the pathogenesis of this uncommon entity