Quand dire, c'est faire l'inverse de ce qu'on dit. Une critique de l'opposition entre théorie et pratique juridiques

This study is based on the following assumption : some legal theories are upset and then turned against the very interests they were supposed to defend. This phenomenon is quite revealing of the nature of the legal process and how legal thinking works. Many explanations have been advanced, however, they all have been rejected since they presume a unity of knowledge and, without proving their point, they assimilate legal reasoning into other sciences that are presented as models for legal thinkers. The upsetting of legal theories may be explained due to the extreme complexity found in the meaning of words used to express legal concepts: this produces a semantic sedimentation with lasting and multiple virtual meanings without there being any way of guessing which one meaning may prevail in any given set of circumstances

PERSEPSI GURU NON PENJASORKES TERHADAP KOMPETENSI GURU PENJASORKES

Abstract: Research on teacher non Penjasorkes on teacher competencePenjasorkes first middle school level as sub Jagoi Babang Bengkayang. Study is asurvey technique with questionnaires or questionnaire, which consists of four datacollection item that personal competence, pedagogic competence, professionalcompetence, and social competence and questionnaire used consists of 40questions. Based on the results of research known as much as 69.2% stated thatteachers' competence Penjasorkes medium category, 30.8% stated Penjasorkesteacher competence is very low, 0% said low Penjasorkes teacher competence andteacher competence 0% said Penjasorkes including high category. Then concludedmost of the non Penjasorkes teachers' perceptions of the competence of a teacherPenjasorkes Jagoi Babang districts included in the medium category (69.2%) ".Keywords: Perception, Competencies, Master Penjasorkes.Abstrak: Penelitian tentang guru non Penjasorkes terhadap kompetensi guruPenjasorkes tingkat sekolah menegah pertama se-kecamatan Jagoi BabangKabupaten Bengkayang. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei dengan teknikangket atau kuesioner, dimana pengambilan data terdiri dari empat item yaitukompetensi kepribadian, kompetensi paedagogik, kompetensi profesional, dankompetensi sosial dan angket yang digunakan terdiri dari 40 pertanyaan.Berdasakan hasil penelitian diketahui sebanyak 69,2% menyatakan kompetensiguru penjasorkes kategori sedang, 30,8% menyatakan kompetensi gurupenjasorkes rendah sekali, 0% menyatakan kompetensi guru penjasorkes rendahdan 0% menyatakan kompetensi guru penjasorkes termasuk kategori tinggi. Makadisimpulkan sebagian besar persepsi guru non Penjasorkes terhadap kompetensiguru Penjasorkes se-kecamatan Jagoi Babang termasuk dalam kategori sedang(69,2%).Kata kunci : Persepsi, Kompetensi, Guru Penjasorkes

PENGARUH INFLASI, KURS, DAN SUKU BUNGA TERHADAP VOLUME PERDAGANGAN SAHAM PADA PERUSAHAAN CONSUMER GOODS YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2017-2020

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of inflation, exchange rates and interest rates on consumer goods companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2017-2020 period. This study uses descriptive statistical methods with a quantitative approach. The data used is secondary data obtained from the official websites of the Indonesia Stock Exchange, Yahoo Finance and Bank Indonesia during the 2017-2020 period, with a sample of 24 companies obtained which were determined based on the purposive sampling method. The results of the research conducted show that inflation has a significant effect on stock trading volume. Exchange rates do not significantly affect the volume of stock trading. Interest rates have no significant effect on stock trading volumeTujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari Inflasi, Kurs, dan Suku bunga terhadap perusahaan Consumer Goods yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2017-2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode statistik deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan yaitu data sekunder yang diperoleh dari website resmi Bursa Efek Indonesia, Yahoo Finance, dan Bank Indonesia selama periode 2017-2020, dengan sampel yang diperoleh sebanyak 24 perusahaan yang ditentukan berdasarkan metode purposive sampling. Hasil dari penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa Inflasi berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap volume perdagangan saham. Kurs tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap volume perdagangan saham. Suku bunga tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap volume perdagangan saham

Isolation of the first toxin from the scorpion Buthus occitanus israelis showing preference for Shaker potassium channels

AbstractWe have purified BoiTx1, the first toxin from the venom of the Israeli scorpion, Buthus occitanus israelis, and studied its activity and genomic organization. BoiTx1 is a 37 amino acid-long peptide contained six conserved cysteines, and is classified as an α-KTx3.10 toxin. The pharmacological effects of BoiTx1 were studied on various cloned K+ channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. BoiTx1 inhibited currents through Drosophila Shaker channels with an IC50 value of 3.5±0.5nM, yet had much lesser effect on its mammalian orthologs. Thus, BoiTx1 is the first member of the α-KTx3 family that preferentially affects insect potassium channels

Large-scale analysis of Arabidopsis transcription reveals a basal co-regulation network

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Analyses of gene expression data from microarray experiments has become a central tool for identifying co-regulated, functional gene modules. A crucial aspect of such analysis is the integration of data from different experiments and different laboratories. How to weigh the contribution of different experiments is an important point influencing the final outcomes. We have developed a novel method for this integration, and applied it to genome-wide data from multiple Arabidopsis microarray experiments performed under a variety of experimental conditions. The goal of this study is to identify functional globally co-regulated gene modules in the Arabidopsis genome.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Following the analysis of 21,000 Arabidopsis genes in 43 datasets and about 2 × 10⁸gene pairs, we identified a globally co-expressed gene network. We found clusters of globally co-expressed Arabidopsis genes that are enriched for known Gene Ontology annotations. Two types of modules were identified in the regulatory network that differed in their sensitivity to the node-scoring parameter; we further showed these two pertain to general and specialized modules. Some of these modules were further investigated using the <it>Genevestigator </it>compendium of microarray experiments. Analyses of smaller subsets of data lead to the identification of condition-specific modules.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our method for identification of gene clusters allows the integration of diverse microarray experiments from many sources. The analysis reveals that part of the <it>Arabidopsis </it>transcriptome is globally co-expressed, and can be further divided into known as well as novel functional gene modules. Our methodology is general enough to apply to any set of microarray experiments, using any scoring function.</p

Training needs and recommendations for Citizen Science participants, facilitators and designers

In this report, we aimed to systematise and elaborate on the ideas discussed during the COST Action WG2 workshop “Systematic review on training requirements and recommendations for Citizen Science” that took place in Riga on 12-13th November 2018. Building on the input from the workshop participants’ broad range of different perspectives and expertise in citizen science and education, we compiled a list of training needs for project participants, project facilitators and project designers in citizen science and categorised them into core, operational and engagement needs. Based on our experience we discussed challenges that may need to be considered when designing training in citizen science. We then addressed the needs by formulating recommendations and pointing out available resources that have been proven to be useful in our own citizen science research and practice. While we acknowledge that these training needs and training recommendations may not be complete, we believe that our approach from needs to recommendations can act as a helpful working model when designing training and the list of resources provides a starting point to delve deeper into the topic and good training examples to build on. We invite the community to provide further insights into training needs and recommendations and to contribute further resources to the listThis is an open access publication. The attached file is the published version of the article

La couche limite et l'hydrodynamique 2D à grande échelle de la zone de surf : une étude numérique

This work is about the hydrodynamic processes in the nearshorezone. They are of great importance to estimate the overall dynamicsof the coastal zone. This thesis is divided into two main parts; thefirst one investigates the coastal bottom boundary layer induced bythe interaction of the waves and the bottom when approaching thecoast; the second one is about the evolution of the mean circulationand vorticity induced by an inhomogeneity in the bathymetry orthe wave forcing. A turbulent boundary layer numerical model hasbeen developed and used to simulate the evolution of the oscillatingboundary layers under non-linear waves, of a flume experiment at theLaboratoire des Ecoulements Géophysiques et Industriels (LEGI) inGrenoble, France. The experimental instantaneous velocity profilesand still bed positions, allow defining the non-linear velocity distributionsinduced by the waves within the boundary layer. The numericalmodel coupled with a ad-hoc modeling of the mobile bed motionis able to reproduce the vertical distribution of the non-linearities,and also indicates that the vertical diffusion observed experimentallyis mainly caused by the mobile bed motion induced by the passingwaves. A 2D depth-averaged nonlinear shallow water numericalmodel is used to study the circulation and vorticity in the nearshorezone. This model is validated on a mobile bed experiment in thewave basin of the Laboratoire Hydraulique de France (ARTELIA).The formation of rip currents is forced by a damped wave forcing inthe middle of the wave basin. The numerical model is validated withfree surface and velocity measurements, and by the circulation andvorticity. Using the potential vorticity balance as a diagnosis tooland with a monochromatic wave forcing, an equilibrium between thevorticity generation and advection is observed in the nearshore zone.Este trabajo trata de los procesos hidrodinámicos en la zona litoral,de grande importancia para la dinámica global del flujo costero. Dostemas principales son estudiados. El primero trata de la capa límiteoscilante provocada por la interacción entre el oleaje y el fondo alacercarse a la costa. El segundo tema trata de la evolución de lacirculación y la vorticidad inducida por la batimetría y/o el oleaje.Un modelo de capa límite turbulenta ha sido elaborado y validadopara analizar la evolución de la capa límite oscilante bajo la influenciade oleaje no-lineal, apoyándose en una modelación física, realizada enel canal de olas del LEGI. Los perfiles experimentales instantáneos develocidad y posición del fondo fijo, permiten definir la evolución delas no-linealidades inducidas por las olas dentro de la capa límite. Elmodelo numérico acoplado a una modelación del movimiento del fondomóvil es capaz de reproducir la evolución de estas no-linealidades, yexplica también que la difusión vertical observada experimentalmentees principalmente debida al movimiento vertical del fondo inducidopor el oleaje. El estudio de la circulación y de la vorticidad en zonascosteras se hace mediante un modelo numérico 2D promediado enla vertical de tipo Shallow Water que es validado con los datos deuna experiencia llevada a cabo en la piscina de olas del LaboratoireHydraulique de France (ARTELIA). La formación de corrientes ripse realiza a través de frentes de olas con un déficit de energía en elmedio de la piscina. El modelo numérico es validado con medicionesde superficie libre, de velocidades, y de circulación y vorticidad.Utilizando la ecuación de vortcidad potencial como herramienta dediagnóstico, con un oleaje monocromático se predice un equilibrioentre la generación de vorticidad y su advección por las corrientes.Ce travail porte sur les processus hydrodynamiques en zone littorale.Deux principaux thèmes sont abordés. Le premier concerne la couchelimite oscillante provoquée par l’interaction entre les vagues et le fondà l’approche des côtes. Le second traite de l’évolution de la circulationet la vorticité induite par la bathymétrie et/ou le forçage des vagues.Un modèle de couche limite turbulente a été élaboré et utilisé pourobserver l’évolution de la couche limite oscillante sous l’effet de vaguesnon-linéaires, en s’appuyant sur une modélisation physique menéedans le canal à houle du LEGI. Les profils expérimentaux de vitesseet positions du fond fixe instantanés permettent de définir l’évolutiondes non-linéarités induites par les vagues au sein de la couche limite.Le modèle numérique couplé à une modélisation du mouvement dulit mobile est capable de reproduire l’évolution de ces non-linéarités,et explique que la diffusion verticale observée expérimentalementest principalement due au mouvement vertical du lit causé induitpar les vagues. Pour l’étude de la circulation et de la vorticité enzone côtière, un modèle numérique 2D moyenné sur la verticale detype Shallow Water est validé avec les données d’une expériencemenée dans le basin à vagues du Laboratoire Hydraulique de France(ARTELIA). La formation de courants sagittaux a été forcée parun front de vagues avec un déficit d’énergie au centre du bassin. Lemodèle numérique est validé par des mesures de surface libre, devitesse, ainsi que de circulation et vorticité. En utilisant ensuitel’équation de vorticité potentielle comme outil de diagnostic, avec unforçage monochromatique on prédit un équilibre entre la générationde vorticité et son advection par l’écoulement moyen