A Colonial and Post-Colonial Assessment of Language in Akespear’s the Tempest and Friel’s Translations

This study examines the significance of language in connection with both personal and national identity. Language and identity have a power to fix thoughts and beings. It roots a nation to a past. Language bridges between a contemporary society and its dead ancestors. Language contains elements of culture, human interaction, environment, working of the human brain and identity. People are marked by the language that they speak. Britannia recognized this significance. Therefore, it could have power not necessarily through physical control but mental control as well. It could change the colonized countries into mimic people who just copy British values, cultures, beliefs, and identities. First, through establishing binary oppositions, Britannia began to justify its settlement in the natives’ lands and Ireland. In Shakespeare’s The Tempest, binarism emerged as lack of moral sense/ moral sense or good/evil and savage/civilized. Prospero introduced herself as a man who is civilized and moral whereas, Caliban is a native who is a barber and has no moral sense. Education was exercised through language. Therefore, Prospero introduced himself as a compassionate “schoolmaster” who had a burden to teach Caliban his language. Under Prospero’s education, Caliban loses his identity. He loses his freedom and changes into a slave that Prospero dares even to insult but in Friel’s Translations, binarism emerged as modern/archaic and standard/nonstandard. Britannia introduced its National schools which are modern, advanced, and new whereas, Hedge schools were traditional and archaic. They also claimed that Irish lands were not standard, without boundaries and map whereas, English villages, towns, and cities were mapped and standard. They introduced themselves as compassionate teachers and cartographers who attempted to modernize and standardize Irish schools and lands. Second, by comparing and contrasting Shakespeare’s The Tempest and Friel’s Translations from different periods, the process of imperial justifications are disclosed. This study presents that Britannia adopted imperial justifications in accordance with the situations and necessities. For instance, Caliban’s situation differs from the Irish. Prospero in The Tempest could introduce Caliban as a savage but Britannia could not claim that the Irish were savages like the natives in the New World. Third, they disguised their justifications in accordance with modernization and standardization. However, imperial justifications differed from period to period with language playing the main role for all of them. Teaching, mapping, christinizing modernizing, and standardizing relied on language. In this study, language is the base for imperial superstructures (justifications). Fourth, this study discusses that a person loses his language; he will change into a mimic character. He forgets his essence, values, cultures, and identity. In The Tempest, losing identity is depicted through humiliation and demoralization as Prospero has nothing for Caliban but nasty words. In Translations, it is depicted through mimicry

Expression of CCND1, P16 and CDK6 in Human Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer among skin cancers. The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has increased more than 600% worldwide since the 1940s. Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process involving multiple genetic alterations. The connection between cell cycle proliferation and cancer resulting in deregulated cellular proliferation leads to cancer. Cancer has been associated with disturbances in cell cycle regulation. Recent studies have shown that p16, CDK6 and CCND1 mRNA genes and protein expression are involved in the tumorgenesis of skin cancer. These genes play a role in cell cycle proliferation. In this study, we assessed the expression of a cyclin, a cyclin dependent kinase, and a cyclin kinase inhibitor in skin BCC tissue. Reverse Transcription in situ polymerase chain reaction (RT in situ PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the expression of p16, CDK6 and CCND1 mRNA genes through them of protein expression in human skin BCC tissue The results show that p16, CDK6 and CCND1 mRNA genes and protein are expressed in both normal and human skin BCC tissues. CCND1, CDK6 and p16 mRNA can be found to be expressed mostly in cytoplasm. The mRNA expression in BCC is higher than normal skin tissue. Protein expression of CCND1 and p16 in different BCC tissue are greater than normal skin tissue. p16 mRNA and protein expression is stronger than other genes. RT in situ PCR and IHC analysis data showed significant expression of CCND1, p16 mRNA and protein in BCC compared to normal skin tissue (p<0.05%). Investigation on Iranian samples showed the protein expression of CDK6 is not significant (p>0.05%) but the expression of mRNA for CDK6 gene is significant (p<0.05%). The findings of IHC study on tissue microarray (TMA) demonstrated significant protein expression of p16 and CCND1 genes (p<0.05%) which support findings on Iranian samples. Taken together, these data provide evidence that cell cycle deregulation in G1-phase is a critical event during the course of carcinogenesis of BCC. In conclusion, this study showed that p16, CDK6 and CCND1 are involved in the process of tumorgenesis in human BCC. p16, CDK6 and CCND1 mRNA genes are expressed to induce cell cycle proliferation and also the protein expression of these genes can influence proliferation of the cell cycle. RT in situ PCR study on ten Iranian samples illustrated significant expression of p16 (p=0.026), CDK6 (p=0.015) and CCND1 (p=0.021) mRNA genes (p<0.05%). There is a direct correlation between p16 and CCND1 and also between p16 and CDK6. There is no correlation between CCND1 and CDK6. IHC analysis on the Iranian samples demonstrated significant protein expression of p16 (p=0.019) and CCND1 (p=0.021) (p<0.05%) but CDK6 protein expression is not significant (p=0.082). Direct correlation between p16 and CCND1 was obtained. TMA samples were used for the IHC study only for p16 (p=0.008) and CCND1 (p=0.024) due to insufficient tissue to perform complete study with IHC. Even CDK6 could not be done because of insufficient samples then the result of TMA samples using IHC supports the findings on the Iranian samples about protein expression of CCND1 and p16 genes. RT in situ PCR is a sensitive method to study specific mRNA genes. However there are problems in getting good results as well as their interpretation. IHC on the other hand shows more reliable results. These methods may be used in the clinical setting and as it can be used to predict tumor behavior including cellular proliferation which can affect the mode of therapy

Delivery of recombinant plasmid containing human insulin gene-GLP1 promoter into L cells in the rats with a type-1 diabetes

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the treatment with recombinant plasmid consisted of human GLP1 promoter and insulin gene can treat diabetic rats. Rats were induced type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ)at dose of 55mg/kg. The induction of diabetes was confirmed in rats by checking the blood glucose level for seven days. The recombinant plasmid, GLP1/Ins/pBud plasmid, was wrapped with chitosan and then transferred to diabetic rats by force feeding. The blood glucose level was checked from the tips of the tails by needle puncture using a glucometer and test strips. The blood levels of human and rat insulin were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed no significant effects of orally treatment with recombinant plasmid DNA at both doses of 100 and 600 μg/mL of the human insulin level in diabetic rats (p>0.05). The human insulin level was significantly increased by orally treatment at dose of 300 μg/mL (p=0.04). The findings indicated that the intraperitoneal injection of 300 μg/mL of this nanoparticle complex prominently increased the human insulin level in diabetic rats in contrast to both doses of 100 and 600 μg/mL. Despite above results, both methods was not effective enough to decrease the blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. It was concluded that the treatment of diabetic rats with recombinant plasmid consisted of human GLP1 promoter and insulin gene was not effective to reduce the blood glucose levels in diabetic rats

Developing a new interatomic potential and atomistic study of NiTiHf

With the growing demand for high-temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs), NiTi-based HTSMAs have gained more attention for implementation in applications at elevated temperatures. Among NiTi-based alloys, NiTiHf has shown to have great potential, by having high transformation temperatures, lower preparation cost and good thermal stability. However, until today, most studies conducted on NiTiHf have focused on a limited range of compositions due to the difficulties and high cost of the experimental studies. Therefore, there exists a lack of comprehensive research on the thermo-mechanical behavior of these HTSMAs. Computational simulations are a very cost-effective and feasible approach for addressing this shortcoming. Among computational methods, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation as an atomistic method offers comprehensive means to explore microstructural phenomena that govern the behavior of material. An essential requirement for performing MD simulations is interatomic potential which serves as the constitutive equations of MD and determine the forces and interactions between atoms. Since no applicable interatomic potential has been developed for NiTiHf, there has not been any progress in MD studies on NiTiHf alloys. Therefore, in this study, a Second Nearest-Neighbor Modified Embedded Atom Method (2NN MEAM) interatomic potential has been developed to accurately represent the NiTiHf ternary system. Initially, the parameters of constituent unary and binary potentials were calibrated by fitting their reproduced results of physical properties to DFT results. Then, the final ternary MEAM potential was checked for reliability and transferability by performing MD simulations. The results showed that the developed potential can accurately capture temperature-induced and stress-induced martensitic phase transformation in NiTiHf. In addition, the lattice parameters and formation energy of different compositions of NiTiHf were obtained and compared with experimental and DFT (Density Functional Theory) results showing a good agreement. Furthermore, using the developed MEAM potential, MD simulations were conducted to analyze the influence of precipitates on the superelasticity and shape memory effect of NiTiHf alloy. The results showed that in the presence of H-phase precipitates, the transformation temperatures increase. In addition, the thermal cycling of NiTiHf under constant stress was simulated and it was found that reducing the temperature rate results in a narrower thermal hysteresis

Correlation of cognitive impairment with constipation and renal failure

The improvement of health care support has greatly extended the average life expectancy over the last 50 years, which has increased the rate of cognitive decline consequently. The avoidance of risk factors such as toxins, stress and somatic diseases can be protective against the reduction of cognitive function in the elderly. This study aimed to determine the effects of socio-demographic factors, constipation and renal failure on cognitive status among 2322 samples who were the non-institutionalized Malaysian elderly. The multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the risk of such factors on cognitive decline in subjects. Approximately, 77.54% of samples experienced cognitive impairment. The results showed that advanced age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.03), Malay ethnic (OR = 2.15), constipation (OR = 3.31) and renal failure (OR= 4.42), significantly increased the risk of cognitive impairment in subjects (p<0.05). In addition, education (OR = 0.38) significantly reduced the risk. However, we concluded that age, Malay ethnic, constipation and renal failure increased the risk of cognitive impairment in subjects but education reduced the risk

Is Helicobacter pylori infection a risk factor for childhood periodic syndromes?

AbstractBackground and objectivesHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been assumed to have roles in various extra-digestive diseases. The current study was designed to evaluate the incidence of H. pylori infection in patients with cyclic vomiting syndrome and its possible role in the etiology of this disease.Design and settingIn this case-control study, 120 cases with diagnoses of cyclic vomiting or abdominal migraine who were registered at the Gastroenterology Clinic at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from 2010 to 2013 were enrolled.Materials and methodsPrimarily information regarding the patients' diseases were collected with a data gathering sheet, and fresh morning stool samples were collected from the patients and examined for H. pylori stool antigen with the H. pylori Ag EIA test kit. The results were compared with those of healthy children from the control group.ResultsA total of 120 patients with cyclic vomiting (47.5%) and abdominal migraine (52.5%) with a mean age of 7.1 ± 3.4 (range 2–16 years) and a male-to-female ratio of 1.6 were included. The HPs Ag tests were positive in only 7 (5.8%) patients in our case group, and the HPs Ag tests were positive in 13 (13%) of the children in the control group; this difference was statistically insignificant.ConclusionOur study did not support H. pylori infection as an etiological factor in CV or AM

Gene expression of CDK6 and CCND1 genes in basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer among skin cancers. Cell cycle deregulation in G1-phase is a critical event during the course of carcinogenesis, which is probably much more important than other phases of cell cycle, during the course of skin carcinogenesis. CCND1 and CDK6 are important components of Retinoblastoma regulatory pathway in arrest and uncontrolled proliferation of cell cycle. To determine the expression pattern of CDK6, CCND1 in BCC, this study involved ten samples of paraffin embedded of BCC tissues. Two selected normal skin tissue were investigated using RT in situ PCR and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining intensity of samples within tumor cells and normal tissue illustrated a different mRNA and protein expression. This study represents significant expression of CCND1 and CDK6 genes in BCC (alpha level is 0.05). CDK6 and CCND1 mRNA, and protein of these genes are expressed to induce the cell cycle proliferation and the influence proliferation of cell cycle and BCC

Pridonosi li polimorfizam gena GSTP1 oštećenju genoma uzrokovanom starenjem i profesionalnom izloženosti?

The aim of our study was to see the effects of GSTP1 polymorphism on biomarkers of ageing, including micronuclei (MN), comet tail length, and relative telomere length in automobile repair workers, who are exposed to a broad spectrum of potential mutagens. The analysis was performed on buccal cells collected from occupationally exposed and non-exposed (control) subjects. Samples were analysed using cytogenetic and molecular methods, including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), MN test, comet assay, and real-time PCR. The results confi rmed the DNA damaging effects of substances used in the mechanical workshops, but did not confirm the infl uence of GSTP1 gene polymorphism on DNA damage. However, further studies on both occupationally exposed and control populations are needed to understand the relationship between GSTP1 polymorphism and genome damage.Na populaciji radnika zaposlenih u radionicama za popravak automobila koji su svakodnevno izloženi različitim vrstama potencijalnih mutagena istražili smo utjecaj polimorfizma gena GSTP1 na vrijednosti biomarkera starenja, ključujući pojavu mikronukleusa (MN), dužinu repa kometa te relativnu dužinu telomera. Analize su provedene na stanicama bukalne sluznice, skupljenim od izloženih ispitanika i odgovarajuće neizložene (kontrolne) populacije. Uzorci su analizirani primjenom citogenetičkih i molekularnobioloških metoda, uključujući polimorfi zam restrikcijskih fragmenata na osnovi njihove duljine (engl. restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP), MN-test, komet-test, i lančanu reakciju polimerazom u stvarnom vremenu (engl. real-time PCR). Dobiveni nalazi potvrđuju da izloženost radnika mutagenima oštećuje njihovu DNA, ali nisu pokazali da polimorfi zam gena GSTP1 značajno utječe na razinu oštećenja DNA. Zbog malog broja ispitanika uključenog u ovo istraživanje za bolje razumijevanje odnosa između polimorfi zma gena GSTP1 i oštećenja DNA potrebna su daljnja istraživanja, i na profesionalno izloženim ispitanicima i na ispitanicima kontrolne populacije