23 research outputs found
Montrealâs Sanctuary Policy for Non-Status Migrants: Opportunity and Obstacles
In February 2017, the city of Montreal adopted a policy entitled Access to Municipal Services Without Fear with a view to allowing non-status migrants to access some municipal programs and services without fear of being arrested and removed from Canada. This article offers a critical analysis of the city of Montrealâs policy. We discuss the main barriers to implementation, namely, the limited jurisdictional power and authority of the city in migration matters and the municipal policeâs refusal to comply with the policy. We draw on the conceptual framework of the sanctuary city to argue that the municipality crafted creative solutions to barriers as part of its bid to make the city more inclusive.En fĂ©vrier 2017, la Ville de MontrĂ©al a adoptĂ© une politique intitulĂ©e accĂšs aux services municipaux sans peur dans le but de permettre aux migrants sans status dâaccĂ©der Ă certains programmes et services municipaux sans craindre dâĂȘtre arrĂȘtĂ©s et renvoyĂ©s du Canada. Cet article propose une analyse critique de la politique de la ville de MontrĂ©al. Nous discutons des principaux obstacles Ă la mise en oeuvre,Ă savoir le pouvoir juridictionnel et lâautoritĂ© limitĂ©s de la Ville en matiĂšre de migration et le refus de la police municipale et de se conformer Ă la politique. Nous nous appuyons sur le cadre conceptuel de la ville sanctuaire pour soutenir que la municipalitĂ© a Ă©laborĂ© des solutions crĂ©atives aux obstacles en vue de rendre la ville plus inclusive
Les effets de l'européanisation de la lutte contre la migration irréguliÚre sur les droits humains des migrants
Les politiques migratoires europĂ©ennes sont conçues en termes de contrĂŽle de lâentrĂ©e et du sĂ©jour des Ă©trangers. Depuis la mise en place des conditions de libre circulation dans les annĂ©es 1980, lâUnion europĂ©enne est impliquĂ©e dans le traitement des non-nationaux qui, auparavant, relevait exclusivement de la discrĂ©tion Ă©tatique. La migration et lâasile sont aujourdâhui des domaines de compĂ©tence partagĂ©e entre lâUnion et ses membres. La prioritĂ© est accordĂ©e Ă la lutte contre la migration irrĂ©guliĂšre, perçue non seulement comme un dĂ©fi Ă la souverainetĂ©, mais aussi comme une menace Ă lâĂtat providence et un risque pour la sĂ©curitĂ©.
Cette recherche porte sur lâeuropĂ©anisation de la lutte contre la migration irrĂ©guliĂšre et ses effets sur les droits humains des Ă©trangers. Il est soutenu que lâeuropĂ©anisation dĂ©finie comme un processus de construction, de diffusion et dâinstitutionnalisation des normes, des pratiques et des convictions partagĂ©es, permet aux Ătats dâatteindre leur objectif de limiter le nombre dâĂ©trangers indĂ©sirĂ©s, y compris des demandeurs dâasile, sur leur sol. LâeuropĂ©anisation lĂ©gitime et renforce les mesures prĂ©ventives et dissuasives existantes Ă lâencontre des migrants clandestins. De nouvelles normes communes sont produites et de nouveaux dispositifs de coopĂ©ration europĂ©enne sont crĂ©Ă©s en vue de rĂ©primer la migration irrĂ©guliĂšre. Ce phĂ©nomĂšne transforme le paradigme migratoire dans les Ătats membres ainsi que les pays candidats Ă lâadhĂ©sion qui se trouvent dĂ©sormais chargĂ©s de la sĂ©curisation des frontiĂšres extĂ©rieures de lâUnion.
La recherche dĂ©montre que ces dĂ©veloppements ont un impact nĂ©gatif sur les droits fondamentaux. Ils exacerbent aussi la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© des demandeurs dâasile assimilĂ©s aux migrants Ă©conomiques. Une analyse comparative de lâeuropĂ©anisation du renvoi forcĂ© en France, au Royaume-Uni et en Turquie montre que la politique europĂ©enne engendre des atteintes aux droits et libertĂ©s des Ă©trangers et limite leur capacitĂ© de contester les violations devant les tribunaux.
Lâaccent est mis sur la nĂ©cessitĂ© de trouver un Ă©quilibre entre la prĂ©occupation lĂ©gitime des Ătats et de lâUnion dâassurer la sĂ©curitĂ© et le bien-ĂȘtre de leurs citoyens et la protection des droits des migrants irrĂ©guliers. Il revient ultimement aux tribunaux de veiller Ă ce que le pouvoir discrĂ©tionnaire Ă©tatique sâexerce en stricte conformitĂ© avec les normes constitutionnelles et les obligations internationales dĂ©coulant du droit international des rĂ©fugiĂ©s et des droits de lâhomme.In Europe, migration policies are designed to control the entry and residence of foreigners on the national territory. Since the establishment of a common market in the 1980s, the European Union is increasingly involved in the treatment of foreigners. Migration and asylum have become issues of shared jurisdiction between the Union and its members. Policies are dominantly focused on the fight against irregular migration, perceived not only as a challenge to territorial sovereignty, but also as a threat to the welfare state and as a security risk.
This research explores the Europeanization of migration and asylum policy and its impact on irregular migrantsâ human rights. It is asserted that, as a process of construction, diffusion and institutionalization of norms, practices and shared convictions, the Europeanization enables States to limit the number of unwanted foreigners on their territory, including asylum seekers. It legitimizes and reinforces already existing preventive and deterrent measures against clandestine migrants. Common norms and cooperation mecanisms are established with a view to optimizing Statesâ control over irregular migrants. This process transforms the migration paradigm not only in member States, but also in accession countries as they become the gatekeepers of the European Unionâs external borders.
The research maintains that these developments have a negative impact on clandestine migrantsâ fundamental rights. The vulnerability of asylum seekers is exacerbated by their systematic association to economic migrants. A comparative analysis of the securitization of French, British and Turkish forced removal policies demonstrates how the Europeanization limits the foreignersâ rights and curbs their capacity to claim rights before tribunals.
It is necessary to strike a fair balance between the legitimate aim to ensure citizensâ welfare and security and the protection of irregular migrantsâ rights. It is argued that this balance will only be achieved by allowing the judiciary to test over time the constitutionality of repressive measures as well as their compatibility with international obligations of human rights and refugee protection
Forced Migration, Reconciliation and Justice, edited by Megan Bradley
Forced Migration, Reconciliation and JusticeEdited by Megan Bradley
Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queenâs University Press, 2015, pp. 44
Reviewing the reviews: the Global Compacts' added value in access to asylum procedures and immigration detention
The Global Compact for Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees are based on binding international law instruments whose provisions they complement with âbest practiceâ standards related to the treatment of refugees and other migrants. Although the Compacts are non-binding, they provide for review mechanisms to promote compliance with Compact standards. Such oversight is important to achieve progress in implementing the Compacts' commitments. Yet, the current top-down and State-led review process does not offer an efficient platform for identifying cases of non-adherence to Compact standards. This article uses a case study approach to highlight instances of non-compliance with Compact standards in Canada, South Africa, and the European Union. We use a functionalist method of comparison to analyze State practice in these three regions in relation to (i) use of immigration detention and (ii) access to the asylum procedure, with access to healthcare as a cross-cutting issue. The article discusses how the Compacts' review mechanisms could be improved and their added value in terms of their impact on domestic migration policies. It argues that both Compact review and implementation can be improved through increased civil society participation
Mobilizing in borderline citizenship regimes : a comparative analysis of undocumented migrantsâ collective actions
This article seeks to explain how and why groups and networks of undocumented migrants mobilizing in Berlin, MontrĂ©al, and Paris since the beginning of the 2000s construct different types of claims. The authors explore the relationship between undocumented migrants and state authorities at the local level through the concept of the citizenship regime and its specific application to undocumented migrants (which they describe as the âborderline citizenship regimeâ). Despite their common formal exclusion from citizenship, nonstatus migrants experience different degrees and forms of exclusion in their daily lives, in terms of access to certain rights and services, recognition, and belonging within the state (whether through formally or nonformally recognized means). As a result, they have an opportunity to create different, specific forms of leeway in the society in which they live. The concurrence of these different degrees of exclusion and different forms of leeway defines specific conditions of mobilization. The authors demonstrate how the content of their claims is influenced by these conditions of mobilization
La coopĂ©ration policiĂšre pour la lutte contre la migration irrĂ©guliĂšre au sein de lâUnion europĂ©enne
La lutte contre la migration irrĂ©guliĂšre est un Ă©lĂ©ment clĂ© de la politique europĂ©enne dâimmigration et dâasile. lâUnion europĂ©enne joue un rĂŽle prĂ©Ă©minent dans le contrĂŽle des flux de migration irrĂ©guliĂšre Ă travers la mise en Ćuvre dâune coopĂ©ration policiĂšre. Cette coopĂ©ration sâest progressivement institutionnalisĂ©e par lâĂ©tablissement de structures communautaires spĂ©cifiques. Lâaction de la police contre la migration irrĂ©guliĂšre couvre ainsi un vaste champ de compĂ©tences allant de la gestion des flux dâinformation aux politiques de visas et de retour en passant par le contrĂŽle intĂ©grĂ© des frontiĂšres. La synergie grandissante entre lâUE et ses Ătats membres en matiĂšre de coopĂ©ration policiĂšre contre la migration irrĂ©guliĂšre transforme la perception des notions de « frontiĂšre » et de « sĂ©curitĂ© intĂ©rieure ». On constate Ă©galement un impact profond sur les structures, le rĂŽle et les compĂ©tences de la police en Europe. De plus, cette coopĂ©ration rĂ©sulte en une criminalisation de la migration ayant pour effet de lĂ©gitimer le renforcement de la coopĂ©ration policiĂšre.Lâauteure Ă©tudie dans le prĂ©sent article le processus dâeuropĂ©anisation de la coopĂ©ration policiĂšre dans la lutte contre la migration irrĂ©guliĂšre vers lâUE. Elle sâemploie Ă dĂ©montrer que la mise en Ćuvre effective des programmes communautaires dans ce domaine est tributaire de la consolidation de cette coopĂ©ration qui sâopĂšre souvent au dĂ©triment de protection des droits fondamentaux. Elle analyse Ă©galement les consĂ©quences de ce processus, notamment en termes de contrĂŽle judiciaire et de lĂ©gitimitĂ© dĂ©mocratique, tout en esquissant une rĂ©flexion sur les perspectives futures.The fight against irregular migration is a key element of the European immigration and asylum policy. The European Union plays a major role in the struggle against irregular migration through the police cooperation between its Member States. This cooperation has progressively been consolidated by the establishment of specific EU structures and programs. The police cooperation against irregular migration covers a large scale of activities including the control of information, visa and return policies as well as integrated management of the frontiers. The synergy between the EU and its Member States in this field has important consequences on the perception of the notions of "frontier" and "internal security". Moreover, it has a deep impact on the structures, the role and the competencies of the police in Europe. As such, the said cooperation results into the criminalisation of the migration, which in turn legitimizes the reinforcement of police cooperation.This article aims at studying the process of the Europeanization of the police cooperation in the fight against irregular migration within the EU. It asserts that the reinforcement of the said cooperation is a sine qua non for the effective implementation of EU programs in this field. The article also examines the consequences of the police cooperation in terms of democratic legitimacy and of fundamental rights protection, together with the future perspectives in the police cooperation within the EU
LâeuropĂ©anisation de la politique dâasile : un dĂ©fi aux droits fondamentaux
Lâarticle explore le lien entre la politique europĂ©enne dâasile, lâimpact de la lutte contre la migration irrĂ©guliĂšre sur la criminalisation des demandeurs dâasile et les atteintes au droit dâaccĂšs Ă lâasile. Il Ă©tudie le processus sĂ©curitaire de transformation du demandeur dâasile en un migrant irrĂ©gulier. LâeuropĂ©anisation du systĂšme dâasile est examinĂ©e Ă travers une analyse critique du dispositif Dublin relatif Ă la dĂ©termination de lâĂtat responsable dâĂ©tudier une demande dâasile au sein de lâUnion. En premier lieu, lâarticle explique comment lâeuropĂ©anisation permet aux Ătats membres de lâUnion europĂ©enne dâatteindre leur but de limiter les demandeurs dâasile sur leur sol. DeuxiĂšmement, il souligne le rĂŽle que jouent les tribunaux nationaux et europĂ©ens dans lâimposition de limites au pouvoir discrĂ©tionnaire des Ătats dans ce domaine. Ă cette fin, les modalitĂ©s dâapplication du dispositif Dublin et ses consĂ©quences sur la protection des rĂ©fugiĂ©s sont analysĂ©es de maniĂšre comparative sur le plan de lâUnion europĂ©enne et dans deux Ătats membres de lâUE, la France et le Royaume-Uni. Il est soutenu quâen lâabsence dâune politique dâasile harmonisĂ©e sur le plan europĂ©en et vu les diffĂ©rences considĂ©rables entre les procĂ©dures nationales de dĂ©termination du statut de rĂ©fugiĂ©, la mise en oeuvre du dispositif Dublin, mĂȘme une fois rĂ©formĂ©e, reprĂ©sente des dĂ©fis majeurs pour lâaccĂšs Ă lâasile.This article explores the link between the European asylum policies, the impact of the fight against irregular migration on the criminalization of asylum seekers and the violation of the right of asylum. It examines the securitization process by which the asylum seeker is increasingly considered as an irregular migrant. The article also focuses on the process of Europeanization and offers a critical analysis of the âDublin systemâ establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national. It is argued that the Europeanization enables the EU member States to limit the number of asylum seekers. The article examines how national and European courts define limits to the arbitrary treatment of asylum seekers. To this end, a comparative analysis is conducted on the implementation of the âDublin systemâ within the European Union and in two member States â France and the United Kingdom. It is argued that in the absence of a harmonized common European asylum policy and due to different national refugee status determination processes, the implementation of the âDublin systemâ represents a huge challenge to the right of asylum.El presente articulo explora la relaciĂłn entre la polĂtica de asilo europea, el impacto de la lucha contra la migraciĂłn irregular sobre la criminalizaciĂłn de los demandantes de asilo y los atentados al derecho de acceso al asilo. El artĂculo estudia la seguridad del proceso de transformaciĂłn del demandante de asilo en un migrante irregular. La europeizaciĂłn del sistema de asilo es examinada a travĂ©s de un anĂĄlisis crĂtico del dispositivo « DublĂn », en cuanto a la determinaciĂłn del Estado responsable de examinar la demanda de asilo dentro de la UniĂłn. En primer lugar, el artĂculo explica cĂłmo la europeizaciĂłn permite a los Estados miembros de la UniĂłn Europea de alcanzar el objetivo de limitar las demandas de asilo en el territorio. En segundo lugar, el artĂculo resalta el rol de los tribunales nacionales y europeos en imponer limites al poder discrecional de los Estados en ese ĂĄmbito. Para dicho fin, las modalidades de aplicaciĂłn del dispositivo « DublĂn » y sus consecuencias sobre la protecciĂłn de los refugiados son analizadas comparativamente en la UniĂłn Europea y en dos Estados miembros de la UE, Francia y el Reino Unido. Se sostiene que, en ausencia de una polĂtica de asilo armonizada en la UniĂłn Europea y dadas las diferencias considerables entre los procedimientos nacionales de determinaciĂłn de la condiciĂłn de refugiado, la puesta en marcha del dispositivo « DublĂn », incluso una vez reformado, representa desafĂos mayores para el acceso al asilo
LâeuropĂ©anisation de la politique dâasile : un dĂ©fi aux droits fondamentaux
Lâarticle explore le lien entre la politique europĂ©enne dâasile, lâimpact de la lutte contre la migration irrĂ©guliĂšre sur la criminalisation des demandeurs dâasile et les atteintes au droit dâaccĂšs Ă lâasile. Il Ă©tudie le processus sĂ©curitaire de transformation du demandeur dâasile en un migrant irrĂ©gulier. LâeuropĂ©anisation du systĂšme dâasile est examinĂ©e Ă travers une analyse critique du dispositif Dublin relatif Ă la dĂ©termination de lâĂtat responsable dâĂ©tudier une demande dâasile au sein de lâUnion. En premier lieu, lâarticle explique comment lâeuropĂ©anisation permet aux Ătats membres de lâUnion europĂ©enne dâatteindre leur but de limiter les demandeurs dâasile sur leur sol. DeuxiĂšmement, il souligne le rĂŽle que jouent les tribunaux nationaux et europĂ©ens dans lâimposition de limites au pouvoir discrĂ©tionnaire des Ătats dans ce domaine. Ă cette fin, les modalitĂ©s dâapplication du dispositif Dublin et ses consĂ©quences sur la protection des rĂ©fugiĂ©s sont analysĂ©es de maniĂšre comparative sur le plan de lâUnion europĂ©enne et dans deux Ătats membres de lâUE, la France et le Royaume-Uni. Il est soutenu quâen lâabsence dâune politique dâasile harmonisĂ©e sur le plan europĂ©en et vu les diffĂ©rences considĂ©rables entre les procĂ©dures nationales de dĂ©termination du statut de rĂ©fugiĂ©, la mise en oeuvre du dispositif Dublin, mĂȘme une fois rĂ©formĂ©e, reprĂ©sente des dĂ©fis majeurs pour lâaccĂšs Ă lâasile.This article explores the link between the European asylum policies, the impact of the fight against irregular migration on the criminalization of asylum seekers and the violation of the right of asylum. It examines the securitization process by which the asylum seeker is increasingly considered as an irregular migrant. The article also focuses on the process of Europeanization and offers a critical analysis of the âDublin systemâ establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national. It is argued that the Europeanization enables the EU member States to limit the number of asylum seekers. The article examines how national and European courts define limits to the arbitrary treatment of asylum seekers. To this end, a comparative analysis is conducted on the implementation of the âDublin systemâ within the European Union and in two member States â France and the United Kingdom. It is argued that in the absence of a harmonized common European asylum policy and due to different national refugee status determination processes, the implementation of the âDublin systemâ represents a huge challenge to the right of asylum.El presente articulo explora la relaciĂłn entre la polĂtica de asilo europea, el impacto de la lucha contra la migraciĂłn irregular sobre la criminalizaciĂłn de los demandantes de asilo y los atentados al derecho de acceso al asilo. El artĂculo estudia la seguridad del proceso de transformaciĂłn del demandante de asilo en un migrante irregular. La europeizaciĂłn del sistema de asilo es examinada a travĂ©s de un anĂĄlisis crĂtico del dispositivo « DublĂn », en cuanto a la determinaciĂłn del Estado responsable de examinar la demanda de asilo dentro de la UniĂłn. En primer lugar, el artĂculo explica cĂłmo la europeizaciĂłn permite a los Estados miembros de la UniĂłn Europea de alcanzar el objetivo de limitar las demandas de asilo en el territorio. En segundo lugar, el artĂculo resalta el rol de los tribunales nacionales y europeos en imponer limites al poder discrecional de los Estados en ese ĂĄmbito. Para dicho fin, las modalidades de aplicaciĂłn del dispositivo « DublĂn » y sus consecuencias sobre la protecciĂłn de los refugiados son analizadas comparativamente en la UniĂłn Europea y en dos Estados miembros de la UE, Francia y el Reino Unido. Se sostiene que, en ausencia de una polĂtica de asilo armonizada en la UniĂłn Europea y dadas las diferencias considerables entre los procedimientos nacionales de determinaciĂłn de la condiciĂłn de refugiado, la puesta en marcha del dispositivo « DublĂn », incluso una vez reformado, representa desafĂos mayores para el acceso al asilo