Computational methods reveal novel functionalities of PIWI-interacting RNAs in human papillomavirus-induced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the fastest growing cause of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) today, but its role in malignant transformation remains unclear. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) alterations and functionalities in HPV-induced HNSCC. Using 77 RNA-sequencing datasets from TCGA, we examined differential expression of piRNAs between HPV16(+) HNSCC and HPV(-) Normal samples, identifying a panel of 30 HPV-dysregulated piRNAs. We then computationally investigated the potential mechanistic significances of these transcripts in HPV-induced HNSCC, identifying our panel of piRNAs to associate with the protein PIWIL4 as well as the RTL family of retrotransposon-like genes, possibly through direct binding interactions. We also recognized several HPV-dysregulated transcripts for their correlations with well-documented mutations and copy number variations in HNSCC as well as HNSCC clinical variables, demonstrating the potential ability of our piRNAs to play important roles in large-scale modulation of HNSCC in addition to their direct, smaller-scale interactions in this malignancy. The differential expression of key piRNAs, including NONHSAT077364, NONHSAT102574, and NONHSAT128479, was verified in vitro by evaluating endogenous expression in HPV(+) cancer vs. HPV(-) normal cell lines. Overall, our novel study provides a rigorous investigation of piRNA dysregulation in HPV-related HNSCC, and lends critical insight into the idea that these small regulatory transcripts may play crucial and previously unidentified roles in tumor pathogenesis and progression

Heterogeneous Ensemble Variable Selection To Improve Customer Prediction Using Naive Bayes Model

The analysis of customer patterns and behaviours is essential for all businesses, as the customer is the sole source of revenue. Understanding customer patterns and behavior enables businesses to enhance their business processes and customer happiness. The availability of voluminous client datasets within organizations facilitates efficient customer analysis. Yet, the inclusion of interrelated, irrelevant, as well as missing factors leads to a poor forecast of the dataset. Feature selection techniques are investigated in order to handle the problem. Objective of feature selection is to pick the pertinent variables from a complete set of associated, irrelevant, and missing variables. In general, FS is classified into 3 types: filter, wrapper, & hybrid method. The filter method is a quick one, but the variables used are ineffective. Similarly, a wrapper method is effective yet computationally inefficient. In this study, an ensemble feature selection strategy is presented and tested to circumvent the issue with these feature selections. There are two techniques to ensemble FS: one is homogenous and the other is heterogeneous. This study employs a heterogeneous ensemble feature selection method. In the suggested method, the learning dataset is applied to five distinct filter FS approaches, and the ranked attributes that result are aggregated using two distinct methods: the mean method and the min method. Relevant variables are chosen to further build the final sorted qualities using the cut off value as a guide. As the HEVS technique's filter approach simply ranks the variables, it is necessary to select the variable subset cut off value. The experimental technique is conducted from two distinct vantage points: Heterogeneous ensemble variable selection with Naive Bayes and Naive Bayes without variable selection. In the end, the outcomes that were obtained via the use of the two different approaches are compared using different factors. The experimental results demonstrate that the suggested HEVS method outperforms the usual Naive Bayes model. As relevant variables are included when modeling using NB, the computational complexity of this proposed methodology is also minimized

Low Cost, Efficient Output- Only Infrastructure Damage Detection with Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor network comprises of sensors and actuators with universally useful processing components to agreeably screen physical or ecological conditions, for example, temperature, pressure, and so on. Wireless Sensor Networks are particularly portrayed by properties like the constrained power they can reap or store, dynamic network topology, expansive size of the arrangement. Sensor networks have an enormous application in fields which incorporates territory observing, object tracking, fire detection, landslide recognition and activity observing. Given the network topology, directing conventions in sensor networks can be named at based steering, various levelled based directing and area-based directing. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is a vitality productive various levelled based steering convention. Our prime spotlight was on the examination of LEACH given specific parameters like network lifetime, soundness period, and so forth and furthermore the impact of particular sending assault and level of heterogeneity on LEACH convention

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Lime, Coir Fiber & Rice Husk

Because of their low bearing capacity, the expansive black cotton soils' high swelling and shrinking characteristics have posed numerous challenges to construction projects. When subjected to varying levels of moisture, black cotton soil expands and contracts rapidly. As a result, stabilising the soil is necessary to address these issues. Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Cori Fiber, and Lime are being tested in this study to see if they can act as a stabilising material in the expansive black cotton soil. The impact of RHA, CF, and LIME on the expansive soil's index and engineering properties was studied in the lab. Coir fibre concentration is 1.5 percent, lime is 5 percent by weight of dry soil, and RHA is mixed in at a ratio of 20 percent. The virgin soil sample is first tested for specific gravity and grain size distribution. With and without these admixtures soil's index properties like its plastic limit, liquid limit and shrinkage limit and its strength properties like its California Bearing Ratio, Unconfined Compressive Strength tests are discovered. According to the test results, a combination of 5 percent lime and 1.5 percent coir fibre yielded the strongest soil and best index properties

A STUDY ON ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY AND COST ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTICS IN PEDIATRIC UNIT AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL.

 Objectives: (1) To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in pediatrics, (2) to identify the pattern of empirical antibiotic usage, (3) to determine the cost analysis of generic antibiotic usage pattern, (4) to assess the different dosage forms of antibiotics.Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out. The study population included the medical records of children aged day 1–15 years with bacterial infection who got admitted in the pediatric department of the hospital. The average cost for each generic dosage form of antibiotic was calculated.Result: Among the 176 cases taken for the study, sepsis (35.8%) was found to be the most common disease. Bacterial infection showed gender predominance in males (62.5%) and occurrence of sepsis was highly found in age groups of 0–1 years (55.68%). Among the 14 causative organisms, methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (61.93%) was predominant in Gram-positive and Escherichia coli (38.06%) for Gram-negative. Highly prescribed drug for empirical therapy was considered to be amikacin (39.20%). Widely prescribed antibiotics were amikacin (21%), ceftriaxone (15.1%), ampicillin (12.34%) and meropenem (9.57%), among which meropenem was found to be of high cost.Conclusion: It should be taken care that the drug should be given not only based on the sensitivity pattern but can also consider the economic affordability of the patient, with reference to existing brands from the formulary. This would help in reducing the burden of health-care cost for the patients

De novo 7p partial trisomy characterized by subtelomeric FISH and whole-genome array in a girl with mental retardation

Chromosome rearrangements involving telomeres have been established as one of the major causes of idiopathic mental retardation/developmental delay. This case of 7p partial trisomy syndrome in a 3-year-old female child presenting with developmental delay emphasizes the clinical relevance of cytogenetic diagnosis in the better management of genetic disorders. Application of subtelomeric FISH technique revealed the presence of interstitial telomeres and led to the ascertainment of partial trisomy for the distal 7p segment localized on the telomeric end of the short arm of chromosome 19. Whole-genome cytogenetic microarray-based analysis showed a mosaic 3.5 Mb gain at Xq21.1 besides the approximately 24.5 Mb gain corresponding to 7p15.3- > pter. The possible mechanisms of origin of the chromosomal rearrangement and the clinical relevance of trisomy for the genes lying in the critical regions are discussed

A case controlled study examining the bladder microbiome in women with Overactive Bladder (OAB) and healthy controls

Objective: To characterise the microbiome in healthy women with no bladder symptoms and to compare this to the bladder microbiome in patients with overactive bladder syndrome (OAB).Study design: MSU specimens from 63 women with OAB were compared to urine from 35 controls. Urine was centrifuged and the resulting sediment pellet was re-suspended in supernatant and plated under aerobic conditions for 48 h and anaerobic conditions for 7 days. Each morphologically distinct colony was purity plated. Bacterial colonies were lysed and polymerase chain reaction undertaken to amplify the 16 s ribosomal RNA gene. This DNA was purified and sequenced allowing identification of bacterial genera.Results: The mean number of different bacterial genera was 5.0 in both controls and OAB patients (p = 0.99). The uropathogenic bacteria Proteus (P = 0.01) was more commonly isolated from women with OAB. The genus lactobacillus was present less commonly in urine from OAB patients when compared to urine taken from controls (p = 0.02). Overall the most commonly grown bacteria were staphylococcus (grown in 59% of samples), streptococccus (51%), corynebacterium (37%) and lactobacillus (28%). A total of 95 different genera were identified from the urine samples.Conclusion: The female human bladder has a diverse microbiome with stastistically significant differences between bacterial species present in OAB patients and controls

Age, Menopausal Status and the Bladder Microbiome

Objectives: The bladder is not sterile but contains a healthy community of microbes termed the microbiome. Alterations in the bladder microbiome have been demonstrated in disease states such as the overactive bladder. The microbiome in other anatomical niches is known to alter with age eg the vagina. The objective of this study was to identify if the bladder microbiome in healthy women varies with age and menopausal status. Study design: Urine from 79 healthy women attending secondary care gynaecological clinics with no urinary symptoms provided clean catch mid-stream urine specimens. Urine was centrifuged and the resultant pellet was re-suspended and inoculated onto chocolate agar plates and cultured under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Morphologically different colonies were purity plated and 16s rRNA gene sequencing was performed. A microbe genomic basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) was used to identify the genus of the bacteria. Results: There was no significant correlation between the age of a woman and the number of different genera identified (r=-0.034, p=0.79). There were few significant differences in the frequency with which the majority of organisms were found in pre and post-menopausal women. The exceptions however were lactobacillus, which was more common in pre-menopausal women (31 vs 3 p=0.002) and Mobiluncus, which was more common in post-menopausal women (0 vs 3 p=0.02). Conclusions: There was no significant correlation between patient age and diversity of the bladder microbiome but large numbers of different organisms were identified. Significant differences were however observed for Lactobacillus which is more common in pre-menopausal women and Mobiluncus which is more common in in post-menopausal women

Genomic expression catalogue of a global collection of BCG vaccine strains show evidence for highly diverged metabolic and cell-wall adaptations.

Although Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines against tuberculosis have been available for more than 90 years, their effectiveness has been hindered by variable protective efficacy and a lack of lasting memory responses. One factor contributing to this variability may be the diversity of the BCG strains that are used around the world, in part from genomic changes accumulated during vaccine production and their resulting differences in gene expression. We have compared the genomes and transcriptomes of a global collection of fourteen of the most widely used BCG strains at single base-pair resolution. We have also used quantitative proteomics to identify key differences in expression of proteins across five representative BCG strains of the four tandem duplication (DU) groups. We provide a comprehensive map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), copy number variation and insertions and deletions (indels) across fourteen BCG strains. Genome-wide SNP characterization allowed the construction of a new and robust phylogenic genealogy of BCG strains. Transcriptional and proteomic profiling revealed a metabolic remodeling in BCG strains that may be reflected by altered immunogenicity and possibly vaccine efficacy. Together, these integrated-omic data represent the most comprehensive catalogue of genetic variation across a global collection of BCG strains