Effect of Calorie Restriction on Circadian Rhythms of Glycolytic Enzymes in Mice

Multicellular and unicellular organisms have all proven to exhibit circadian rhythms which persist over approximately 24 hours. This internal time keeping system is responsible for regulating the body\u27s biological functions. It has been known that calorie restriction effects circadian rhythms by causing a response in clock gene expression. These clock genes react to food intake and become either upregulated or downregulated accordingly. With glycolysis being a biological pathway that occurs in most organisms, measuring glycolytic gene expression in the liver tissue of young male mice becomes of interest. More specifically, hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase are the enzymes of interest. By analyzing the expression of key regulatory glycolytic genes in the liver tissue of mice, the importance of how diet effects circadian rhythm will be revealed. Results have shown that calorie restriction has some effect on circadian rhythms of glycolytic gene expression. We propose that if calorie restriction effects the circadian rhythms in the expression of glycolytic genes, then a down regulation in the profiles of ad libitum mice will be seen and an upregulation of calorie restricted mice\u27s genes will be shown.https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/u_poster_2016/1008/thumbnail.jp

CR Reprograms Acetyl-CoA Metabolism and Induces Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase and CrAT Expression

© 2020 The Authors. Aging Cell published by the Anatomical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Calorie restriction (CR), an age delaying diet, affects fat oxidation through poorly understood mechanisms. We investigated the effect of CR on fat metabolism gene expression and intermediate metabolites of fatty acid oxidation in the liver. We found that CR changed the liver acylcarnitine profile: acetylcarnitine, short-chain acylcarnitines, and long-chain 3-hydroxy-acylcarnitines increased, and several long-chain acylcarnitines decreased. Acetyl-CoA and short-chain acyl-CoAs were also increased in CR. CR did not affect the expression of CPT1 and upregulated the expression of long-chain and very-long-chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (LCAD and VLCAD, respectively). The expression of downstream enzymes such as mitochondrial trifunctional protein and enzymes in medium- and short-chain acyl-CoAs oxidation was not affected in CR. CR shifted the balance of fatty acid oxidation enzymes and fatty acid metabolites in the liver. Acetyl-CoA generated through beta-oxidation can be used for ketogenesis or energy production. In agreement, blood ketone bodies increased under CR in a time of the day-dependent manner. Carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) is a bidirectional enzyme that interconverts short-chain acyl-CoAs and their corresponding acylcarnitines. CrAT expression was induced in CR liver supporting the increased acetylcarnitine and short-chain acylcarnitine production. Acetylcarnitine can freely travel between cellular sub-compartments. Supporting this CR increased protein acetylation in the mitochondria, cytoplasm, and nucleus. We hypothesize that changes in acyl-CoA and acylcarnitine levels help to control energy metabolism and contribute to metabolic flexibility under CR

N,N-Dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide Reduces Retinal Cholesterol via Partial Inhibition of Retinal Cholesterol Biosynthesis Rather Than its Liver X Receptor Transcriptional Activity

N,N-dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide (DMHCA) is an experimental pharmaceutical and a steroidal liver X receptor (LXR) agonist, which does not induce undesired hepatic lipogenesis. Herein, DMHCA was evaluated for its retinal effects on normal C57BL/6J and Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice; the latter having higher retinal total and esterified cholesterol in addition to retinal vascular abnormalities. Different doses and two formulations were used for DMHCA delivery either via drinking water (C57BL/6J mice) or by oral gavage (Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice). The duration of treatment was 1 week for C57BL/6J mice and 2 or 4 weeks for Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice. In both genotypes, the higher DMHCA doses (37–80 mg/kg of body weight/day) neither increased serum triglycerides nor serum cholesterol but altered the levels of retinal sterols. Total retinal cholesterol was decreased in the DMHCA-treated mice, mainly due to a decrease in retinal unesterified cholesterol. In addition, retinal levels of cholesterol precursors lanosterol, zymosterol, desmosterol, and lathosterol were changed in Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice. In both genotypes, DMHCA effect on retinal expression of the LXR target genes was only moderate and gender-specific. Collectively, the data obtained provide evidence for a decrease in retinal cholesterol as a result of DMHCA acting in the retina as an enzyme inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis rather than a LXR transcriptional activator. Specifically, DMHCA appears to partially inhibit the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme Δ24-dehydrocholesterol reductase rather than upregulate the expression of LXR target genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport. The identified DMHCA dosages, formulations, and routes of delivery as well as the observed effects on the retina should be considered in future studies using DMHCA as a potential therapeutic for age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy

Characteristic of water of the Lena River and health of the population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

In the article results of sanitary epidemiological characteristics of water of the Lena River, including on indicators of parasitic safety and physiological full value are analysed. It is established that the adverse effect of water of a water source on health of the population is connected with its physiological inferiority which is caused by the low maintenance of a number of biologically active elements. The received value of factor of "utility of water» in 47 times below recommended value

PARENTERAL VIRAL HEPATITISES IN THE IRKUTSK REGION

From all group of infectious pathology viral hepatitises, from which the most priority are the parenteral hepatitises B and С, are essential for health of mankind, also the Irkutsk region isn’t an exception. The aim of the study: to assess an epidemiological situation in sharp and chronic forms of the viral hepatitises B and С in the territory of the Irkutsk region for the long-term period. Materials and methods. The retrospective analysis of an epidemiological situation on viral hepatitises B and C in Russia, Siberian Federal District and in the Irkutsk region for 2008–2016 is carried out. Results. The expressed decrease in incidence of acute viral hepatitis B is noted, at a chronic form of this disease rates of decrease had less expressed character that can be connected with carrying out by mass vaccinal prevention. The carried-out ranged distribution of territories for all forms of viral hepatitis B and viral hepatitis C in the Irkutsk region has allowed to reveal territories of risk. Conclusion. Parenteral viral hepatitises (sharp and chronic forms) are widespread in the territory of the Irkutsk region. From 43 administrative territories of the area, 24 belong to unsuccessful on incidences from which five are to territories of high epidemiological risk: cities of Irkutsk, Angarsk and Ust-Ilimsk and also Katangsky and Shelekhovsky districts

CYANIDATION METHOD OF STEEL OR TITANIC PRODUCTS

FIELD: metallurgy. SUBSTANCE: invention concerns ferrous metallurgy field and mechanical engineering. Particularly it concerns cyanidation methods of steel or titanic products. Method includes application on working surface of product of diffusion layers containing carbon and nitrogen. Diffusion layers application is implemented by means of electroerosion alloying by graphite electrode, cooled by gaseous nitrogen. EFFECT: increasing of microhardness and wear resistance of received layers. 1 tbl, 1 ex.Изобретение относится к области черной металлургии и машиностроению, а именно к способам цианирования стальных или титановых изделий. Способ включает нанесение на рабочую поверхность изделия диффузионных слоев, содержащих углерод и азот. Нанесение диффузионных слоев осуществляют электроэрозионным легированием графитовым электродом, охлаждаемым газообразным азотом. Технический результат - повышение микротвердости и износостойкости получаемых слоев. 1 табл

METHOD OF ELECTRIC EROSION SURFACE BORATING OF PARTS MADE FROM STEEL AND CAST IRON

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to machine building, namely to surface hardening of parts and tools made from carbon steels and cast iron. Proposed method comprises applying hardening borated coat in the form of one or two electric erosion layers by rod-like boron-containing electrodes blows by coolant. Note here that hardening surface thickness makes 0.15-0.25 mm. Note also that ferroboron is used as boron-containing electrode while compressed air or neutral gas is used as coolant. EFFECT: higher adhesion between coat and part surface, hence, higher wear resistance and rust protection without additional machining before borating.Изобретение относится к нанесению защитных покрытий и может быть использовано в машиностроении для поверхностного упрочнения деталей и инструмента, изготовленных из углеродистых сталей и чугуна. Способ включает нанесение на обрабатываемую поверхность упрочняющего борированного покрытия в виде одного или двух электроэрозионных слоев борсодержащим электродом, выполненным в виде стержня, который обдувают охладителем, причем упрочняющее покрытие наносят толщиной 0,15-0,25 мм. В качестве борсодержащего электрода используют ферробор, а в качестве охладителя используют сжатый воздух или нейтральный газ. Способ обеспечивает высокую прочность сцепления слоя покрытия с поверхностью детали и позволяет повысить износостойкость и коррозионную стойкость обработанной детали, при этом не требует дополнительной обработки поверхности перед борированием детали

METHOD OF RESTORATION OF WORKING WALLS OF CRYSTALLISER MADE OF COPPER OR ITS ALLOYS

FIELD: technological processes; metallurgy. SUBSTANCE: method includes mechanical treatment of worn out sections of working surfaces of walls and application of two-layer wear-resistant coating on them. Application of coating is performed with hard-alloy electrodes at the set of electrospark alloying with rotation of electrode-tool around its axis, its vibration and displacement on the surface of worn sections of working walls of crystalliser in transverse and longitudinal directions. At that process is carried out according to the following modes: idle run voltage 50-210 V, short circuit current 1-20 A, frequency of electrode-tool vibration 50-500 Hz, frequency of electrode-tool rotation around its axis 100-500 s⁻¹, and displacement in transverse and longitudinal directions with frequency of 10-600 Hz, amplitude of 2-90 micrometer and speed of processing 50-350 mm²/min. Hardness of the first layer makes 35-48 HRC, and of the second layer - 48-55 HRC. EFFECT: simplification of technology and increase of crystallisers resistance. 2 cl, 1 tbl, 1 ex.Изобретение относится к области металлургии, а именно к способам восстановления рабочих стенок кристаллизатора, и может быть использовано для восстановления рабочих стенок кристаллизатора из меди или ее сплавов. Способ включает механическую обработку изношенных участков рабочих поверхностей стенок и нанесение на них двухслойного износостойкого покрытия. Нанесение покрытия осуществляют твердосплавными электродами на установке электроискрового легирования с вращением электрода-инструмента вокруг своей оси, его вибрацией и перемещением по поверхности изношенных участков рабочих стенок кристаллизатора в поперечном и продольном направлениях. При этом процесс ведут при следующих режимах: напряжении холостого хода 50-210 В, токе короткого замыкания 1-20 А, частоте вибрации электрода-инструмента 50-500 Гц, частоте вращения электрода-инструмента вокруг своей оси 100-500 с⁻¹, и перемещении в поперечном и продольном направлениях с частотой 10-600 Гц, амплитудой 2-90 мкм и со скоростью обработки 50-350 мм²/мин. Твердость первого слоя составляет 35-48 HRC, а второго слоя 48-55 HRC. Технический результат - упрощение технологии и повышение стойкости кристаллизаторов. 1 з.п. ф-лы, 1 табл