ANALYSIS OF CODE-SWITCHING AMONG MULTILINGUAL FAMILY MEMBERS

This study was aimed at investigating the use of Code-switching (CS) among multilingual family members. This study used qualitative method through descriptive design. The subjects of this study were a family member consisting of five members and their relative who stay and frequently speak three different languages (Arabic-English-Bahasa Indonesia) at home. The data were obtained by observing and interviewing them. The observation activity was operated to collect direct evidence of the types of CS (Poplack, 1980) while the interviewing is led to gain accurate data of functions (Gumperz, 1982) and reasons (Hoffmann 1991) of they used CS in everyday conversation. The findings of this study revealed that the family used three types, three functions and four reasons of CS. The most frequent type used by the family was intra-sentential and the least repeated type was tag-switching. The functions which were found were to appeal to literate, to ease communication, and to establish goodwill and support. Then, they did CS because they wanted to talk about particular topic, be emphatic about something, make interjection, and express group identity. In brief, the family did CS because of particular goals and reasons. To be considered, the researcher suggests other researchers to collect best data by recording the conversation rather than take notes

Flexible Design and Operation of Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Desalination Process Subject to Variable Fouling and Variable Freshwater Demand

yesThis work describes how the design and operation parameters of the Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination process are optimised when the process is subject to variation in seawater temperature, fouling and freshwater demand throughout the day. A simple polynomial based dynamic seawater temperature and variable freshwater demand correlations are developed based on actual data which are incorporated in the MSF mathematical model using gPROMS models builder 3.0.3. In addition, a fouling model based on stage temperature is considered. The fouling and the effect of noncondensable gases are incorporated into the calculation of overall heat transfer co-efficient for condensers. Finally, an optimisation problem is developed where the total daily operating cost of the MSF process is minimised by optimising the design (no of stages) and the operating (seawater rejected flowrate and brine recycle flowrate) parameters

Partial groups

In this thesis, we seek to extend some results of group theory to a new structure in algebra, called partial groups. Initially, we will prove a number of basic results of partial groups, introducing the elementary concepts of partial groups as abelian, nilpotent, homomorphism partial groups and Coprime Action on partial groups and some other ideas. After that, we are going to prove some results of characteristic p members in partial groups. These results are two uniqueness theorems of characteristic p members and further uniqueness theorems in partial groups. The principle result of this work is an extension of the Solvable Signalizer Functor Theorem to partial groups

Software Quality: Concepts, Problems and Tools for Improving

In this paper, we discuss the concept and principles of the total quality management (TQM). The paper describes the main Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) models and pros and cons of each one. In addition, overview measures of quality during SDLC. Finally, the paper describes the software quality problems and how to achieve TQM via defect prevention. Keywords: Quality; quality management; SDLC; software development; total quality management

Clinical Consequences of Untreated Dental Caries among Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: To evaluate the dental caries experience and clinical consequences of untreated dental caries (UDC) among primary school children of Al Jouf region, Saudi Arabia and to determine the correlation between dental caries experience and clinical consequences of UDC. Material and Methods: A 250 primary school children 6-7 years were recruited using systematic random sampling. The prevalence of dental caries in deciduous dentition was assessed by following WHO criteria using the dmft index and the clinical consequence of UDC was assessed with the pufa index. The pufa score was calculated cumulatively following the pufa diagnostic criteria. The Student’s t-test was used to equate the mean  dmft and  pufa scores between boys and girls. The correlation between the dmft and the pufa scores was evaluated using Pearson\u27s correlation coefficient (r), and the p-value was set at 0.05 for statistical significance. Results: Out of which 154 (61.60%) boys and 94 (37.60%) were girls. The mean (SD) values of dmft for boys reported to be 5.37 (± 3.31) and for girls 6.35 (± 3.27), which was statistically significant with gender (p<0.001). Statistically, significant mean values of pufa were 1.20 (± 1.37) in boys and 1.71 (± 1.58) in  girls, respectively was observed (p<0.001). The Pearson correlation between dmft and pufa values showed  a highly significant positive correlation among dmft and pufa values (r= 0.635, p<0.001). Conclusion: The present study revealed that high caries prevalence and experience of the clinical consequences of UDC in the primary dentition, and there was a strong positive correlation between dmft and pufa score values

Assessment of Caries Spectrum of First Permanent Molars in 7- to 8-Year-Old School Children in Northern Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: To estimate caries spectrum in first permanent molars (FPMs) of 7- to 8-year-old children in Saudi Arabia using Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) index, and examine the correlation between distributions of CAST codes among contralateral and opposite arches. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 7- to 8-year-old Saudi school children in Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. A total of 385 children were examined. CAST codes were determined for FPMs, and their distribution was analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was set as p<0.05. Intra-examiner reliability was determined using the unweighted kappa coefficient. Results: The results indicated most of the FPMs were scored as code 3 (enamel lesions) such as upper contralateral FPM 44.40% for right, 53.50% for left, respectively, and lower contralateral molars were 61.30% for right and 64.90% for left, respectively. It was also observed that upper FPMs had scored code 0 (sound teeth) more than that of lower FPMs. Serious morbidity (codes 6 and 7) and mortality (code 8) showed a low prevalence in FPMs. Strong correlations were observed between upper contralateral FPMs (r=0.586) and lower contralateral FPMs (r=0.567, p<0.001). Conclusion: A high prevalence of enamel caries lesions (code 3) was observed in FPMs; in addition, a strong correlation was present between upper contralateral FPMs and between lower contralateral FPMs