La modalité hypothétique: évidences slavo’romanes et balkaniques (le cas du bulgare et du roumain)

This study describes the grammatical means of expressing conditional modality in Bulgarian and Romanian based on verbal categories with shared meanings and functions. We have in mind isomorphic constructions, basically expressing irrealis modality and named “conditionalis of a Balkan type”, represented by two types of isomorphic constructions containing markers of the future tense and the past imperfect tense: 1) future tense particle + imperfect of the main verb (vellepart. + Vimpf), ex. Bulg. ще четях; 2) clipped imperfective form of the verb “want”/“have” + infinitive of the main verb (velle/habeo impf + Vinf), ex. Bulg. щях да чета. The main problems discussed in the study are modality and temporality in the Balkan conditional; imperfect in the function of conditional; verb forms in the two parts of conditional sentences. The comprehensive analysis of the hypothetical modality in Bulgarian and Romanian makes it possible to reach conclusions on the following issues: 1) Romanian lacks the “Balkan type of conditional” (= futurum praeteriti): the Romanian conditional forms are not of the Romance type and the origin of their marker is not clear. 2) Romanian, however, has a „future in the past“, which is a non-grammaticalized paraphrase consisting of the imperfect of the auxiliary a avea ‘have’ + the subjunctive of the main verb: aveam să cânt; the deictic Romanian future am să cânt corresponds to the Balkan non-grammaticalized future of necessity (futurum necessitatis). 3) The Balkanisms of the verb system are more consistently present in Aromanian, center of the most intensive convergence among the Balkan languages.This study describes the grammatical means of expressing conditional modality in Bulgarian and Romanian based on verbal categories with shared meanings and functions. We have in mind isomorphic constructions, basically expressing irrealis modality and named “conditionalis of a Balkan type”, represented by two types of isomorphic constructions containing markers of the future tense and the past imperfect tense: 1) future tense particle + imperfect of the main verb (vellepart. + Vimpf), ex. Bulg. ще четях; 2) clipped imperfective form of the verb “want”/“have” + infinitive of the main verb (velle/habeo impf + Vinf), ex. Bulg. щях да чета. The main problems discussed in the study are modality and temporality in the Balkan conditional; imperfect in the function of conditional; verb forms in the two parts of conditional sentences. The comprehensive analysis of the hypothetical modality in Bulgarian and Romanian makes it possible to reach conclusions on the following issues: 1) Romanian lacks the “Balkan type of conditional” (= futurum praeteriti): the Romanian conditional forms are not of the Romance type and the origin of their marker is not clear. 2) Romanian, however, has a „future in the past“, which is a non-grammaticalized paraphrase consisting of the imperfect of the auxiliary a avea ‘have’ + the subjunctive of the main verb: aveam să cânt; the deictic Romanian future am să cânt corresponds to the Balkan non-grammaticalized future of necessity (futurum necessitatis). 3) The Balkanisms of the verb system are more consistently present in Aromanian, center of the most intensive convergence among the Balkan languages

COVID-19 pandemic impact on the pharmaceutical sector in Bulgaria

In December, 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, a new, unknown strain of coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 was identified. The virus has spread rapidly to other countries around the world, among which the most affected were Italy, Spain and the United States. As a result, in March 2020 The WHO has declared the new coronavirus epidemic a global pandemic. Despite timely measures and efforts to reduce morbidity, up to date, confirmed cases are 119,452,269, while the number of deaths reached 2,647,662 people. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all areas of human life – health, social, economic. In each of them, a number of restrictions and obligations were imposed, including wearing of masks, use of disinfectants, education in an online environment, limited work in restaurants and shops. The health sector was particularly affected, and all actors in the pharmaceutical system had to reorganize and adapt their activities in the name of a common goal – ending the COVID-19 pandemic

Synchrony and diachrony of the Bulgarian predicative possessive constructions

The paper investigates the system of predicative possession in Bulgarian from a Slavic and Balkan perspective. The constructions are described in terms of their semantic and syntactic properties and several generalizations are made about the distribution of possessive features such as alienable vs inalienable and permanent vs temporary. In the second part of paper, I bring forward some observations about the diachrony of the Bulgarian predicative possessive constructions and their potential (Slavic or Balkan) source