Interaction Between Race and Gender on Implicit Racial Bias Against Blacks

Background and aims: Exposure and vulnerability to racial discrimination is not solely a function of race but the intersection of race and gender, with Black men experiencing more discrimination than Black women. This phenomenon is explained by the subordinate male target hypothesis, suggesting that majority men specifically target men of color. If that is the case, implicit bias would be most common among the majority men. The current cross-sectional study investigated race by gender differences in implicit bias against Blacks. Methods: Data came from Harvard University’s Project Implicit, an online survey, conducted during 2006-2016. Data included 444422 implicit association tests (IATs) which were taken by Blacks (n=56384) and Whites (n=388038). Using IAT, the dependent variable was implicit bias against Blacks. Independent variables were race, gender, and age. Using SPSS, linear regressions were utilized to test the additive and multiplicative effects of race and gender on implicit bias against Blacks. Results: Race (b = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.38-0.39) and gender (b = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.05-0.05) were associated with IAT score suggesting higher implicit bias against Blacks among Whites and men. A significant interaction was found between race and gender (b = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.04-0.07), suggesting the highest level of implicit bias against Blacks among White men. Conclusion: It is not solely race and gender but their intersection that shapes social distribution of implicit bias against Blacks. This finding extends the previous literature showing that not solely race or gender but their intersection influences exposure to discrimination. Keywords: Ethnic groups, Racism, Racial discrimination, Race, Whites, Blacks, African Americans, Gender, Bias, Implicit bia

Bidirectional associations between chronic medical conditions, disability, and depressive symptoms over 25 years: Black- White differences

Background and aims: Blacks have a higher rate of chronic medical conditions (CMC), disability, and depressive symptoms compared to Whites. The present study compared Blacks and Whites for bidirectional associations between CMC, disability, and depressive symptoms over a 25-year period. Methods: Data came from all five waves (1986, 1989, 1994, 2001, and 2011) of the Americans’ Changing Lives Study (ACL). This study followed 3,497 Whites and Blacks for up to 25 years. Number of CMC, disability, and depressive symptoms Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) were measured at all waves. Multi-group crossed lag modeling was used to test four models, where race defined the groups. Results: Based on Models 1 and Model 2, cross-sectional associations between CMC and depressive symptoms at 1989, 2001, and 2011 were significant among Whites but not Blacks. Based on Model 3, lagged effect of CMC in 2001 on depressive symptoms in 2011 was only significant for Whites. Based on Model 4, cross-sectional associations between disability and depressive symptoms in 1989 were found among Whites but not Blacks. Conclusion: Compared to Whites, Blacks show fewer cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between CMC, disability, and depressive symptoms over time. These findings are robust, regardless of whether we conceptualize disability or depressive symptoms as the outcome

Intercourse Avoidance among Women with Coronary Artery Disease

Introduction Avoidance of sexual intercourse has not been frequently studied among patients with chronic medical conditions and patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) are not exception. Aim We aimed to (i) compare intercourse avoidance during the past 2 weeks among women with CAD and healthy controls; and (ii) to determine factors associated with intercourse avoidance during the past 2 weeks among women with CAD . Methods This study was conducted in an outpatient cardiology clinic in T ehran, I ran. The study included 152 married women with CAD and 50 controls. Socio‐demographic and clinical data including the severity of angina ( WHO R ose Q uestionnaire), risk factors (cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity), fatigue, physical function (visual analogue scale [ VAS ]) and somatic comorbidities [ I fudu index], symptoms of anxiety and depression ( H ospital A nxiety and D epression S cale [ HADS ]), and dyadic adjustment ( R evised‐ D yadic A djustment S cale [ R ‐ DAS ]) were considered as independent variables. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of sexual avoidance during the past 2 weeks. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome was intercourse avoidance over a 2‐week period, measured by the R elation and S exuality S cale ( RSS ). Result Avoidance of intercourse during the past 2 weeks was higher among women with CAD than controls (73.0% vs. 56%, P  = 0.024). According to the logistic regression, intercourse avoidance was positively associated with age (Odds ratio [ OR ] = 1.127, 95% confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.073, 1.185), somatic comorbidities ( OR  = 1.137, 95% CI  = 1.061, 1.218) and depressive symptoms ( OR  = 1.150, 95% CI  = 1.022, 1.293). Conclusion Our study suggests that among women with CAD , age, depressive symptoms and somatic comorbidities are associated with avoidance of intercourse. As having intercourse is safe among patients with stable CAD , all health professionals should discuss sexual behaviors with their female CAD patients, especially those that are older, with higher depressive symptoms or multiple comorbidities so as to allay fears about sexual functioning. Assari S . Intercourse avoidance among women with coronary artery disease. J Sex Med 2014;11:1709–1716.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108106/1/jsm12459.pd

Frequent mild head injury promotes trigeminal sensitivity concomitant with microglial proliferation, astrocytosis, and increased neuropeptide levels in the trigeminal pain system.

BACKGROUND: Frequent mild head injuries or concussion along with the presence of headache may contribute to the persistence of concussion symptoms. METHODS: In this study, the acute effects of recovery between mild head injuries and the frequency of injuries on a headache behavior, trigeminal allodynia, was assessed using von Frey testing up to one week after injury, while histopathological changes in the trigeminal pain pathway were evaluated using western blot, ELISA and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: A decreased recovery time combined with an increased mild closed head injury (CHI) frequency results in reduced trigeminal allodynia thresholds compared to controls. The repetitive CHI group with the highest injury frequency showed the greatest reduction in trigeminal thresholds along with greatest increased levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Repetitive CHI resulted in astrogliosis in the central trigeminal system, increased GFAP protein levels in the sensory barrel cortex, and an increased number of microglia cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. CONCLUSIONS: Headache behavior in rats is dependent on the injury frequency and recovery interval between mild head injuries. A worsening of headache behavior after repetitive mild head injuries was concomitant with increases in CGRP levels, the presence of astrocytosis, and microglia proliferation in the central trigeminal pathway. Signaling between neurons and proliferating microglia in the trigeminal pain system may contribute to the initiation of acute headache after concussion or other traumatic brain injuries

The Creativity and Commitment of Organ Procurement Personnel Overcome the Logistical Complexities of International Organ Donations

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/107510/1/ajt12710.pd

Pengaruh Kemampuan Membaca Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika Ditinjau Dari Jenis Kelamin Siswa Kelas Vii Semester Genap Smp Negeri 1 Sambi Tahun Ajaran 2012/2013

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) pengaruh jenis kelamin terhadap hasil belajar matematika, (2) pengaruh kemampuan membaca terhadap hasil belajar matematika, (3) interaksi antara jenis kelamin dan kemampuan membaca terhadap hasil belajar matematika. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian ex post facto. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 1 Sambi tahun ajaran 2012/2013 Sedangkan sampelnya diambil sebanyak 36 siswa dengan menggunakan teknik random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu dengan metode angket dan dokumentasi. Teknik prasyarat analisis dengan menggunakan uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas, yang dilanjutkan dengan uji analisis data yaitu analisis variansi dua jalur sel tak sama. Dari hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan α= 5% diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut: (1) tidak ada pengaruh jenis kelamin terhadap hasil belajar matematika yang ditunjukan oleh besarnya Fhitung = 0,703 Ftabel = 3,32. (3) tidak ada interaksi antara jenis kelamin dan kemampuan membaca terhadap hasil belajar matematika yang ditunjukan oleh besarnya Fhitung = 2,25 < Ftabel = 3,32. Karena terdapat pengaruh kemampuan membaca terhadap hasil belajar matematika, maka dilakukan uji lanjut untuk mengetahui perbedaan rerata antar kategori. Dari uji lanjut pasca anava diperoleh: (1) tidak ada beda hasil belajar yang signifikan antara kemampuan membaca tinggi dan sedang, yang ditunjukan oleh besarnya Fhitung = 0,27 < Ftabel = 6,64. (2) terdapat beda hasil belajar yang signifikan antara kemampuan membaca tinggi dan rendah, yang ditunjukan oleh besarnya Fhitung = 21,18 > Ftabel = 6,64. (3) terdapat beda hasil belajar yang signifikan antara kemampuan membaca sedang dan rendah yang ditunjukan oleh besarnya Fhitung = 20,63 > Ftabel = 6,64

Frequent use of stun gun may be associated with vibrationinduced Raynaud’s phenomenon: A case series

Introduction: Stun guns are energy-conducting weapons that are becoming more frequently used by law enforcement officials to subdue combative individuals, or civilians for the case of security. Although complications related to stun guns are well known for the victim, less is known about stun guns complications among their users. Case Series: In this case series, we reported vibration-induced Raynaud’s phenomenon in four individuals who were recurrent users of stun guns. Two patients were male and two were female. Symptoms varied from moderate to severe. Although both hands were involved, symptoms were more severe in the right hand. Nifedipine was prescribed for all cases. Two patients received Losartan, as well. All patients reported a decrease in their symptoms in follow-up visits. Conclusion: While further research is needed, clinicians should remain vigilant to stun gun usage as a possible cause of Raynaud’s phenomenon

A prospective randomized clinical trial compared the effect of various types of local anesthetics cartridges on hypertensive patients during dental extraction

Objectives: To evaluate hemodynamic changes of blood pressure and heart rate on hypertensive patients under - going tooth extraction using various types of local anesthesia (LA). Study Design: A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted on 45 hypertensive patients who were divided equally into 3 parallel groups according to LA received. Group 1: Lidociane 2% with epinephrine 1: 80,000. Group 2: Prilocaine 3% with Felypressin 0.03 IU/ml. Group 3: Mepivacaine 3% plain. Inclusion criteria: hypertensive patients, under medical management with blood pressure = 159/99. Exclusion criteria: Blood pressure =160 /100 and patients receiving ß blockers. Negative aspiration was mandatory before the injection of 2 cartridges of LA. Blood pressure and heart rate were evaluated by Electronic Sphygmomanometer and Pulse Oximeters in 3 different time-points; 3 minutes before LA, three minutes after LA and three minutes after extraction. Results: The mean of systolic blood pressure (SBP) had increased after LA injection, and then decreased after ex - traction in the 3 groups of patients. Increase of SBP after extraction with (Mepivacaine plain) was higher than (Li - dociane with Epinephrine) and the difference was statistically significant using ANOVA ( p =0.037). The differences in the mean heart rates and mean diastolic blood pressures in the 3 groups were not significant. Conclusions: The increase of blood pressure with Epinephrine and Felypressin is negligible. Therefore, it is safe to use 2 cartridges of Lidociane 2% with Epinephrine 1:80,000 or Prilocaine 3% with Felypressin 0.03 IU/ml for hypertensive patients whose blood pressure = 159/99 provided negative aspiration is verified before injection

Correction: Cross-country differences in the association between diabetes and disability

The acknowledgment section of a recent manuscript published by Assari et al., [1] should be corrected as below: Publication of this manuscript was possible with the Cornely Fellowship fund awarded by the Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan to the first author, Shervin Assari.</jats:p