Convergence of some random functionals of discretized semimartingales

In this paper, we study the asymptotic behavior of sums of functions of the increments of a given semimartingale, taken along a regular grid whose mesh goes to 0. The function of the $i$th increment may depend on the current time, and also on the past of the semimartingale before this time. We study the convergence in probability of two types of such sums, and we also give associated central limit theorems. This extends known results when the summands are a function depending only on the increments, and this is motivated mainly by statistical applications.Comment: 31 page

Caractérisation du régime de perturbations par trouées dans des peuplements âgés et surannés d'épinette noire de la pessière à mousses au Québec

Lorsque le feu longtemps considéré comme principale perturbation en forêt boréale, voit sa prévalence diminuer avec la pluviométrie, la dynamique forestière est contrôlée par d'autres types de perturbations comme les trouées, très fréquentes, dans les vieux peuplements. Surtout étudiées à l'échelle des peuplements, leur impact sur des unités régionales aujourd'hui encore mal connu, nécessite plus d'étude et surtout sur des intervalles de temps assez large pour en observer les effets. La dynamique de trouées est aujourd'hui reconnue pour les vieux peuplements dans de nombreux écosystèmes, mais encore très peu étudiées en forêt boréale. L'objectif de notre étude est de caractériser ces dernières, à une échelle régionale, dans des peuplements d'épinettes noires matures et âgés de la pessière à mousses en forêt boréale au Québec. Le premier chapitre est une revue littérature des perturbations naturelles supposées être à l'origine de trouées, des relations entre la dynamique de trouées et les vielles forêts. Le deuxième chapitre définit les caractéristiques des trouées et parle des implications en termes d'aménagement. Le principe de travail est basé sur la comparaison de l'évolution des trouées en superficie sur trente ans. Toutes les trouées ont été échantillonnées sur des photographies aériennes, dans des peuplements d'épinette en fonction de la localisation est ou ouest, de l'âge et du type de dépôts. Excepté dans les peuplements matures de la pessière de l'ouest sur dépôts organiques, les trouées de superficie supérieure à 500 m² sont les plus nombreuses et occupent les plus grandes superficies en trouées. Au cours du temps, les peuplements âgés sur tills de la pessière de l'est se sont le plus ouvert. Un rapport entre le taux d'ouverture et le taux de fermeture de 0.86 à l'ouest et de 0.41 à l'est, montrent que les peuplements de l'ouest se renouvellent plus rapidement qu'à l'est. Les caractéristiques des trouées observées sont certainement des données à prendre en compte par les études qui suggèrent une fermeture de la forêt boréale au Québec. Aussi, pourrait-on mieux les intégrer dans les pratiques sylvicoles destinées à préserver la diversité biologique des forêts anciennes, en appliquant un taux de CPRS en fonction de l'estimation de la quantité de tiges de plus de 90 ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Forêt boréale, Dynamique de trouées, Paysage, Vieilles forêts, Échelle temporelle

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN C6H4(CH2NH3)2[PhCO2]2, Et2NH2[Ph(OH)CO2] AND CuCl2, ErCl3 or SnPh3OH: AN INFRARED STUDY

The interactions of benzoic or salycilic acids salts with di-, trihalides or SnPh3OH have yielded four new complexes and adducts studied by infrared.The suggested structures are discrete or of infinite chain type, the anion behaving as monodentate and hydrogen bonding involved, or bidentate, the environments around the metallic centres being tetrahedral, octahedral or trigonal bipyramidal. When N-H groups are involved in extra hydrogen bonding, a supramolecular architecture may be obtained

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN C6H4(CH2NH3)2[PhCO2]2, Et2NH2[Ph(OH)CO2] AND CuCl2, ErCl3 or SnPh3OH: AN INFRARED STUDY

The interactions of benzoic or salycilic acids salts with di-, trihalides or SnPh3OH have yielded four new complexes and adducts studied by infrared.The suggested structures are discrete or of infinite chain type, the anion behaving as monodentate and hydrogen bonding involved, or bidentate, the environments around the metallic centres being tetrahedral, octahedral or trigonal bipyramidal. When N-H groups are involved in extra hydrogen bonding, a supramolecular architecture may be obtained

Host-feeding patterns of Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans arabiensis, a Rift Valley Fever virus vector in the Ferlo pastoral ecosystem of Senegal

Background: Host-vector contact is a key factor in vectorial capacity assessment and thus the transmission of mosquito-borne viruses such as Rift Valley Fever (RVF), an emerging zoonotic disease of interest in West Africa. The knowledge of the host-feeding patterns of vector species constitutes a key element in the assessment of their epidemiological importance in a given environment. The aim of this work was to identify the blood meal origins of the mosquito Aedes vexans arabiensis, the main vector of RVF virus in the Ferlo pastoral ecosystem of Senegal. Methodology/principal findings: Engorged female mosquitoes were collected in Younoufe´re´ in the pastoral ecosystem in the Ferlo region during the 2014 rainy season. CO2-baited CDC light traps were set at six points for two consecutive nights every month from July to November. Domestic animals present around traps were identified and counted for each trapping session. Blood meal sources of engorged mosquitoes were identified using a vertebrate-specific multiplexed primer set based on cytochrome b. Blood meal sources were successfully identified for 319 out of 416 blood-fed females (76.68%), of which 163 (51.1%) were single meals, 146 (45.77%) mixed meals from two different hosts and 10 (3.13%) mixed meals from three different hosts. Aedes vexans arabiensis fed preferentially on mammals especially on horse compared to other hosts (FR = 46.83). Proportions of single and mixed meals showed significant temporal and spatial variations according to the availability of the hosts. Conclusion: Aedes vexans arabiensis shows an opportunistic feeding behavior depending on the host availability. This species fed preferentially on mammals especially on horses (primary hosts) and ruminants (secondary hosts)

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CETYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM OR TETRAMETYLAMMMONIUM BROMIDE AND MCl2 OR MCl5 (M = Hg, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cd and Nb) IN MONONUCLEAR COMPLEXES: SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED STUDY

On allowing cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (C19H42NBr) and HgCl2, CuCl2.2H2O, CoCl2.6H2O, ZnCl2, NiCl2.6H2O or NbCl5 in specific ratio in methanol, new mononuclear have been obtained and studied by infrared. The suggested structures are discrete, of infinite chain with octahedral or tetrahedral environments around the metallic centres. The MX2 behaves as discrete chains. For most of the structures, when intermolecular hydrogen bonds are considered, supramolecular architectures may be obtained

NEW MX2 AND M’Cl3 (M = Cu, Zn; M’= Y, Dy, Pr; X = Cl, Br) MALEATO COMPLEXES AND TETRAPHENYLANTIMONY FORMIATE ADDUCT: SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED STUDY

Eleven complexes and adduct have been synthesized and studied by infrared. The suggested structures are discrete with tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, square planar or octahedral environments around Zn, Ni, Hg and Cu centres – the coordination number is eight in the yttrium compound and ten in the dysprosium one-. The maleate anion behaves as a bidentate, a monochelating, a bichelating or a tetradentate ligand while the formiate anion behaves as a monodentate ligand. For compounds containing a protonated amine or a methanol molecule, when hydrogen bonds are considered a supramolecular architecture may be obtained

Anemia among Apparently Healthy Senegalese Children Aged 9-15 Months

In Senegal, despite its high frequency, there is no real program to fight against anemia among infants. This work was carried out in the Dakar suburb from 1st September, 2009 to 27th January, 2010 among apparently healthy children aged 9-15 months at the time of their immunization against yellow fever and measles. They showed no known chronic condition or acute infection at the time of the survey. The objectives were to study the diet, prevalence, type and risk factors of anemia. The questionnaire was about whether the father and the mother were working and about the children’s diet during the first six months of their life. All the children underwent anthropometric measurements (weight and height) and a complete blood count. We considered children as anemic if the hemoglobin rate was below 11g/dl. Of the 245 children, 212 were anemic, which was a prevalence of 86.5%. This anemia, frequently of the microcytic hypochromic type (68. 86%) was significantly (p < 0.0003) observed among the children of housewives compared with those whose mothers were employed. Among anemic children, 60.8% were only taking breast milk with or without cereal porridge as a food supplement. The absence of consumption of protein, vegetables, fruits and dairy products was a risk factor for the occurrence of anemia (p <0.0001). In total, at the time immunization is stopped, almost all Senegalese children, while apparently healthy, still face nutritional anemia. The adverse consequences of anemia on child health require the implementation in developing countries of a specific program of struggle against anemia. The activity of vaccination might be the best opportunity to provide the nutritional education these mothers need

NEW MX2 AND M’Cl3 (M = Cu, Zn; M’= Y, Dy, Pr; X = Cl, Br) MALEATO COMPLEXES AND TETRAPHENYLANTIMONY FORMIATE ADDUCT: SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED STUDY

Eleven complexes and adduct have been synthesized and studied by infrared. The suggested structures are discrete with tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, square planar or octahedral environments around Zn, Ni, Hg and Cu centres – the coordination number is eight in the yttrium compound and ten in the dysprosium one-. The maleate anion behaves as a bidentate, a monochelating, a bichelating or a tetradentate ligand while the formiate anion behaves as a monodentate ligand. For compounds containing a protonated amine or a methanol molecule, when hydrogen bonds are considered a supramolecular architecture may be obtained

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CETYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM OR TETRAMETYLAMMMONIUM BROMIDE AND MCl2 OR MCl5 (M = Hg, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cd and Nb) IN MONONUCLEAR COMPLEXES: SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED STUDY

On allowing cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (C19H42NBr) and HgCl2, CuCl2.2H2O, CoCl2.6H2O, ZnCl2, NiCl2.6H2O or NbCl5 in specific ratio in methanol, new mononuclear have been obtained and studied by infrared. The suggested structures are discrete, of infinite chain with octahedral or tetrahedral environments around the metallic centres. The MX2 behaves as discrete chains. For most of the structures, when intermolecular hydrogen bonds are considered, supramolecular architectures may be obtained