Lexicography in Gabon : a survey

This paper traces the historical development of lexicography in Gabon. Gabon, like most African countries, is multilingual. The recent inventories of languages spoken in Gabon are those established by Jacquot (1978) and Kwenzi-Mikala (1998). According to Kwenzi-Mikala (1997), there are 62 speech forms divided into 10 language groups or language-units in Gabon. These speech forms co-exist with French, the official language. In fact, in article 2 of paragraph 8 of the revised Constitution of 1994 the following can be read: "The Gabonese Republic adopts French as the official language. Furthermore, she endeavours to protect and promote the national languages." This constitutional arrangement naturally makes French the language used in education, administration and the media. The survey of lexicography in Gabon that is presented here includes the linguistic situation in and the language policy of Gabon, the lexicographic survey itself, as well as the lexicographic needs of the different speech forms (including languages and dialects). Initially, the pioneers of Gabonese lexicography were missionaries or colonial administrators. Very little was done in this field by the Gabonese themselves. Although credit is to be given to these early works, there are a number of shortcomings regarding the linguistic as well as the metalexicographic contents of dictionaries and lexicons produced during this period. In fact, the main weak point of those studies was the lack of tones in the written transcription of oral productions and orthographic problems. Furthermore, in those contributions, the theory of lexicography is largely unknown and lexico-graphic works are hardly ever based on authentic data corpora of the languages being described.Le présent article retrace l'histoire de la discipline lexicographique au Gabon. Comme la plupart des pays africains, le Gabon est un état multilingue. Les classifications établient par Jacquot (1978) et Kwenzi-Mikala (1998) sont souvent citées comme les travaux d'inventaire les plus récents sur les parlers gabonais. Selon Kwenzi-Mikala (1997), le Gabon compte 62 parlers reparties en 10 unités-langues. Les dits parlers cohabitent avec le français qui faut-il le rappeler jouit d'un statut particulier. En effet, à l'article 2 du paragraphe 8 de la Loi fondamentale révisée de 1994, on peut lire ceci: «La République gabonaise adopte le français comme langue officielle. En outre, elle s'engage à protéger et à promovoir les langues nationales». Cette disposition constitutionnelle fait naturellement du français le véhicule et la matière de l'instruction, la langue de l'administration et celle des médias. L'état des lieux de la lexicographie au Gabon présenté ici prend en compte la situation et la politique linguistique au Gabon, l'état des connaissances lexicographiques à proprement parler ainsi que les besions lexicographiques des différents parlers au regard de ce qui existe déjà. Les premiers travaux à caractère lexicographique ont été réalisés essentiellement par les missionnaires et les administrateurs coloniaux. Très peu de gabonais étaient engagés dans la confection des dictionnaires et lexiques à cette époque pionnière. Enfin, il convient de souligner que le principal talon d'Achille de ces travaux de la première heure est à la fois linguistique et métalexicographi-que. En effet, la majorité de ces travaux ne prennent pas en compte le système tonal des parlers décrits et s'inscrivent rarement dans un cadre théorique défini. Enfin, ils souffrent de nombreuses insuffisances orthographiques et sont rarement basés sur des corpus linguistiques

Histoire et fiction dans À quoi rêvent les loups ? de Yasmina Khadra

History and Fiction in the novel What Wolves Dream Yasmina KhadraSuccessful author translated into several languages, yasmina khadra of his real name Mohamed Moulessehou is no longer to be presented. An officer in the Algerian army, he participated in the fight against terrorism, the institution he left in two thousand to dedicate himself to his vocation writing, he chose to do French. Morituri reveals it to the general public. The work of Yasmina Khadra is part of a particular political context, so the reader is tapped between two diametrically opposed positions insofar as the latter sees herself hearing between the analysis of a real lived that is identifiable and that of d A fictional production in the strict sense of the word. It is therefore at the threshold of our research that we must question the notion of fiction in its epistemological meaning and in its distanced view of reality in order to account for the extent of the fictitious composition that structures the works of Yasmina Khadra. Our attention will be limited to the analysis of a novel Wolf Dreams that exploit the referential spaces within which is traced the Algerian tragedy of the nineties. However, the paratexte according to Gérard Genette specifies that it is an artistic production signed by an author. It is around this novel and the double reading that he proposes(Reading fictional / factual reading) that articulates our problematic:-what are the superior processes the author uses to pass from history to fiction?-By passing from history to fiction, what effect does it seek to produce on the reader?Based on the notions History / Fiction, we will see commentary through the course of the character Nafa walid, it slips from a real space to a fictional space. For more information, please visit our website. Gérard Genette, John Searle, Jean-Marie and Philippe Lejeune, which makes our analysis a multidisciplinary approach.

Récits généalogiques en Kabylie : de la légitimation sociale aux réappropriations culturelles et identitaires

Les récits généalogiques, sous la forme de traditions aussi bien orales qu’écrites, sont employés, en Kabylie comme dans le reste de l’Afrique du Nord, comme des mythes de fondation des groupes qui assoient leur légitimité sociale. Or, on assiste dans cette région d’Algérie à un réinvestissement de ces récits du fait de l’affirmation identitaire berbère. Grâce à un principe généalogique manipulable et à des mises en narration croisant oralité, écriture et picturalité, ces réinvestissements révèlent un renversement des principes traditionnels de légitimité – que sont l’arabité et le chérifisme – et participent d’une nouvelle définition de soi fondée sur l’autochtonie et la berbérité.In Kabylia as well as in Northern Africa, genealogical narratives, through oral or written traditions, are used by groups as founding myths in order to base their social legitimacy. Yet, this region of Algeria shows revitalization of these narratives linked to the assertion of Berber identity. Relying on genealogy as ideology and interlinking orality, writing and picturiality, those new narratives and other discourses reveal an inversion of legitimacy usual principles (arabity and sharifism) and pertain to a new self-definition based on nativeness and berberity

Development of a General-Purpose Compressible Flow AnuPravaha Based Solver

With India focussing even more on Aerospace applications , research and development in compressible ow has received a boost in the country. We aim to develop a general-purpose and robust compressible ow solver to help in research in Aerospace problems. The present work aims to make the Euler Solver developed by previous post-graduate students as part of the general purpose AnuPravaha Solver more robust and accurate, and develop it as a stand-alone compressible ow solver. In this work, the solver has been made more general and now incorporates non-re ecting, symmetric and other boundary conditions, taking into the account curvature at the boundary. As a step to move to higher accuracy, the TVD scheme and the upwind-based scheme AUSM

Ultra-Fast Relaxation, Decoherence and Localization of Photoexcited States in π\pi-Conjugated Polymers: A TEBD Study

The exciton relaxation dynamics of photoexcited electronic states in poly($p$-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) are theoretically investigated within a coarse-grained model, in which both the exciton and nuclear degrees of freedom are treated quantum mechanically. The Frenkel-Holstein Hamiltonian is used to describe the strong exciton-phonon coupling present in the system, while external damping of the internal nuclear degrees of freedom are accounted for by a Lindblad master equation. Numerically, the dynamics are computed using the time evolving block decimation (TEBD) and quantum jump trajectory techniques. The values of the model parameters physically relevant to polymer systems naturally lead to a separation of time scales, with the ultra-fast dynamics corresponding to energy transfer from the exciton to the internal phonon modes (i.e., the C-C bond oscillations), while the longer time dynamics correspond to damping of these phonon modes by the external dissipation. Associated with these time scales, we investigate the following processes that are indicative of the system relaxing onto the emissive chromophores of the polymer: 1) Exciton-polaron formation occurs on an ultra-fast time scale, with the associated exciton-phonon correlations present within half a vibrational time period of the C-C bond oscillations. 2) Exciton decoherence is driven by the decay in the vibrational overlaps associated with exciton-polaron formation, occurring on the same time scale. 3) Exciton density localization is driven by the external dissipation, arising from `wavefunction collapse' occurring as a result of the system-environment interactions. Finally, we show how fluorescence anisotropy measurements can be used to investigate the exciton decoherence process during the relaxation dynamics.Comment: 16 pages, 15 figure

Des tribus en Kabylie ?

Le soulèvement de 2001 en Kabylie (Algérie) et son traitement politico-médiatique ont amené à interroger la réalité de la tribu (arch) aujourd’hui. Cet ouvrage croisant histoire et ethnologie propose d’abord une réflexion épistémologique sur le concept anthropologique de « tribu » afin de le confronter aux réalités tribales, diverses, du domaine berbère et de caractériser la tribu en Kabylie. Il montre que des référents tribaux participent des catégories classificatoires y fondant les représentations de soi. Le cas d’une tribu révèle le maintien d’un espace tribal vécu et représenté, l’adaptation des institutions anciennes à divers ordres politiques et le foisonnement d’initiatives qui multiplient les acceptions du terme arch. Cela traduit la construction de nouveaux modes de mobilisation qui s’inscrivent dans un processus d’affirmation identitaire désormais séculaire et aboutit, depuis les années 1990, à un travail de reconstruction identitaire à l’échelle locale touchant des objets culturels variés, la mémoire et la langue

Environmental Consequences of Solar Energy Development and Other Sources of Energy

In recent years, scientists are increasingly raising the question of the huge impact of solar energy on the ecology of our world. This study attempts to unveil the relationship between the development of solar energy and the threat of growth of environmental problems. Thus, the stream of solar energy simply has to be taken under the control of people and used as much as possible, but with the preservation of the unique earth's climate. At the moment, it is no secret that carbon resources are being depleted very rapidly, and if the search for alternative sources of energy in the near future will not succeed, then the prospects for our civilization are absolutely small. So, among the possible successors that are able to pick up the baton of traditional energy, the most attractive among alternative energy sources is solar energy, which is considered environmentally friendly. Keywords: Solar energy, energy, ecology, ecological problems, climate, environment

Ultracold atoms in an optical lattice with dynamically variable periodicity

The use of a dynamic "accordion" lattice with ultracold atoms is demonstrated. Ultracold atoms of $^{87}$Rb are trapped in a two-dimensional optical lattice, and the spacing of the lattice is then increased in both directions from 2.2 to 5.5 microns. Atoms remain bound for expansion times as short as a few milliseconds, and the experimentally measured minimum ramp time is found to agree well with numerical calculations. This technique allows an experiment such as quantum simulations to be performed with a lattice spacing smaller than the resolution limit of the imaging system, while allowing imaging of the atoms at individual lattice sites by subsequent expansion of the optical lattice.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Minor changes made and references update

Observation of vortex nucleation in a rotating two-dimensional lattice of Bose-Einstein condensates

We report the observation of vortex nucleation in a rotating optical lattice. A 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate was loaded into a static two-dimensional lattice and the rotation frequency of the lattice was then increased from zero. We studied how vortex nucleation depended on optical lattice depth and rotation frequency. For deep lattices above the chemical potential of the condensate we observed a linear dependence of the number of vortices created with the rotation frequency,even below the thermodynamic critical frequency required for vortex nucleation. At these lattice depths the system formed an array of Josephson-coupled condensates. The effective magnetic field produced by rotation introduced characteristic relative phases between neighbouring condensates, such that vortices were observed upon ramping down the lattice depth and recombining the condensates.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Let