Efforts to improve quality of duck egg yolk through giving rations containing Spirulina

Generally raising duck in Indonesia aims to produce eggs, thus the quality of eggs becomes important and determine the success marketing of business results. After increasing the production of eggs, people also tend to choose duck eggs that have a good quality. The Aspects that are usually to be the consumer consideration in choosing the good quality of duck eggs are the color of yolks are not pale, eggs have a large size and cleanliness of eggshell. It is well known that the diet has affects to the color of yolks, ie feed ingredients containing carotenoid pigments especially beta carotene and xanthophyll pigments. The Feed that contain a lots of beta carotene and xantophil pigments is in forage likes Spirulina (Spirulina Sp.). Spirulina (Spirulina Sp.) is a single cell protein (PST) microalga that can be a source of dye laying duck ration because of very high contains in fikocyanin, xanthophyll and beta-carotene. The study used a Completely Randomized Design with 5 doses treatment of addition of spirulina (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%of the ration). Replication is done 4 times, so there are 20 unit of experiments and required 80 laying ducks. The observed variables include egg weight, yolk index, yolk percentage and yolk score. The results showed that egg weight, yolk index and yolk percentage were not significant. The addition of spirulina, one percent in ration (R2) can produce the standard quality of yolk which is in great demand by consumers with yolk score of 9.35

Heterologous Expression and Partial Purification of Plantaricin Produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum COY2906

Abstract Background and Objective: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum COY2906 was isolated from virgin coconut oil, a strain known for its production of plantaricin which acts as a bio-preservative. The aim of this study was to investigate specific plantaricin genes of plnA, plnEF, plnN, plnJ and plnK, precipitate the plantaricin with ammonium sulfate and assess antimicrobial activity of the crude plantaricin. Material and Methods: Growth analysis of strain COY2906 was monitored using spectrophotometer. Amplification and detection of gene targets were carried out using real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time PCR). Crude plantaricin was assessed using 40 and 70% (w/v) ammonium sulphate. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using well-diffusion assay and the molecular mass of partially purified protein was assessed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Results and Conclusion: The plantarum strain COY2906 was cultured in MRS broth at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions and harvested after 19 h or in the middle of the stationary phase to maximize production of plantaricin. Relative expression level of plnA, plnEF, plnN and plnJ were over-expressed, while that of plnK was not. To achieve plantaricin, cell-free supernatant was precipitated with 40 and 70% ammonium sulphate, resulting in crude protein concentrations of 41.33 and 148 µg.ml-1, respectively. Crude protein had no antimicrobial activities, cell-free supernatant of the strain COY2906 showed a comparable antimicrobial efficacy to that of sodium ampicillin at 100 µg.ml-1. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ioniza-tion mass spectrometry spectrum did not show the presence of plantaricin A, plantaricin EF, plantaricin N and plantaricin J after precipitation with 70% ammonium sulphate. However, plantaricin K was detected in the spectrum. Regarding the results, further analysis on the detection of plantaricin is recommended using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. This may involve modifying the solvent or increasing concentration of ammonium sulphate to assess its activities and characteristics. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest

Peningkatan Kualitas Ikan Koi (Cyprinus carpio) di Kelompok PBC Fish Farm di Kecamatan Cisaat, Sukabumi

Various ornamental fish, such as koi and comet is a mainstay commodity from Nagrak Village, Cisaat District, Sukabumi Regency, West Java. The ornamental fish farmers in this village have been grouped in the form of pokdakan called “Pokdakan PBC Fish Farm”, which is chaired by Ikral Panutan. The main problem faced by members of this group is the color of the ornamental fish which still in low grade in quality. The purpose of this activity was to improve the quality of koi ornamental fish by using additional powder feed spirulina so that it can give added value to the production of ornamental fish produced. Community empowerment activities have been conducted for 4 months from July to October 2016. Steps of implementation include: 1) Socialization and initiation stage; 2) Training about fish culture management, spirulina culture method and feeding method using discussion method and demonstration plots; and 3) Evaluation and monitoring phase. The results obtained are generally these activities get the response and good results from the extension participants, as evidenced by the ability of farmers in cultured spirulina henceforth be applied as a mixture of fish feed can result in improved color quality of koi. Use of spirulina powder feed additional material on Cyprinus carpio of PBC Fish Farm proven to improve color quality, and provide value-added economy by 50–100 with the selling price ranging from IDR 3.000, per head to IDR 4.500–6.000 per tail

Green Synthesis Nanopartikel Perak dengan Bioreduktor Ekstrak Daun Rami (Boehmeria nivea) Melalui Iradiasi Microwave

Nanopartikel perak dikategorikan sebagai material antibakteri karena kemampuannya merusak integritas membran sel bakteri. Terdapat berbagai metode untuk menyintesis nanopartikel perak, salah satunya adalah dengan pendekatan green synthesis menggunakan bioreduktor ekstrak tanaman. Daun rami (Boehmeria nivea) mengandung senyawa aktif yang bersifat antibakteri dan antiviral seperti etil palmitat, 1-(4-bromobutil)-2-piperidinon, dan α-metil linoleat. Selain itu ekstrak daun rami berpotensi mereduksi ion perak menjadi nanopartikel perak karena mengandung senyawa dietilen glikol, asam miristoleat dan tetradeka-13-en-11-un-1-ol. Proses reduksi ion perak dapat dioptimalkan dengan iradiasi microwave melalui pemanasan yang seragam dan cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan green synthesis dan karakterisasi nanopartikel perak dengan ekstrak daun rami melalui iradiasi microwave. Tahapan penelitian ini terdiri dari pembuatan ekstrak daun rami, sintesis nanopartikel perak dengan prekursor perak nitrat, dan karakterisasi dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis, FT-IR, PSA dan XRD. Hasil pengukuran dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan adanya serapan pada panjang gelombang 444 nm yang mengonfirmasi terbentuknya nanopartikel perak. Berdasarkan hasil PSA dan SEM diketahui nanopartikel perak terbentuk di antara sejumlah aglomerat. Hasil FT-IR menunjukkan adanya peran senyawa fenolik dari ekstrak dalam mereduksi prekursor perak nitrat, sedangkan hasil XRD menunjukkan kristal berbentuk kubus berpusat muka dengan rata-rata ukuran krsital sebesar 18,80 nm

CYTOTOXICITY OF METABOLITES PRODUCED BY ENDOPHYTIC FUNGUS CLADOSPORIUM SP. ISOLATED FROM MARINE MACROALGAE ON IN­VITRO MCF­7, HELA, AND DU-145 CELL LINES

Objective: To investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity effect of the crude ethyl acetate extract of Cladosporium sp. on MCF-7, HeLa, and DU-145 cell lines.Methods: In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by tetrazolium reduction assay. The percentage of cell inhibition was analyzed using probit analysis to obtain 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50). Morphological alteration of the cell lines after exposure with extract was observed under an inverted microscope.Results: The ethyl acetate extract of the metabolite performed an anticancer activity for cancer cell line MCF-7, HeLa, and DU-145 with IC50 respectively 8.46 μg/ml; 9.87 μg/ml; and 98.03 μg/ml. The extract shows greater the anticancer activity and has strong antiproliferative on MCF-7 and HeLa cell line than DU-145. Confirmation morphological were observed under the inverted microscope showed a morphological change in cancer cells when incubated with the extract.Conclusion: From the performed assay, the crude extract of Cladosporium sp. exhibit cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, HeLA, and DU-145

Metabolites Profiling of Penicillium citrinum Recovered from Endophytic of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) as a Potential Biocontrol Against Pathogenic Fungi

Endophytes are a potent source of bioactive compounds that mimic plant-based metabolites. Fungi Fusarium spp. and Clonostachys rosea have been identified as pathogenic microorganisms in ramie  (Boehmeria nivea). The antifungal test was carried out using the diffusion method and the MIC50 and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values using the tested microbial pathogens were Fusarium solani isolate 3248941, F. solani isolate Colpat-359, F. oxysporum isolate N-61-2, dan Clonostachys rosea strain B3042. Identification of secondary metabolites of the extract was carried out using GC-MS. The chromatogram of GC-MS analysis of this ethyl acetate extract (EA) showed seven dominant chemical compounds with various biological activities. Ethyl asetate extract of  P. citrinum showed inhibition zone ranged from 19.10–22.07  mm with strong-very strong category at  200 mg ml-1 concentration against the tested microbial pathogens. Results revealed that the significant MIC values were observed against F. solani isolate 3248941 and Clonostachys rosea strain B3042 by less than 6.3  mg ml-1 and against F. solani isolate Colpat-359 and F. oxysporum isolate N-61-2  with 12.5 mg ml-1 and 25 mg ml-1 respectively. Minimum Fungicidal concentrations (MFC) for EA of  P. citrinum were also reported against F. solani isolate 3248941 and C. rosea strain B3042, by 12.5 mg ml-1, whilst Fusarium solani isolate Colpat-359  by 25 mg ml-1 and Fusarium oxysporum isolate N-61-2 ,by 50 mg ml-1 respectively. Results of this study showed that P. citrinum, endophytic fungi of ramie, could be a promising source of compounds for antifungal agents

Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Liquid Fractions of Lignin for the Modification of Ramie Fibers

In this study, technical lignin from black liquor was used as a pre-polymer for the preparation of bio-polyurethane (Bio-PU) resins. Briefly, the isolated lignin was fractionated using ethyl acetate (EtAc) and methanol (MeOH). The liquid fractions of lignin, such as lignin-EtAc (L-EtAc) and lignin-methanol (L-MeOH), were mixed with 10% of polymeric isocyanate (based on the weight of liquid fractions) to obtain Bio-PU resins. The isolated lignin, fractionated lignin, and lignin-derived Bio-PU resins were characterized using several techniques. The obtained Bio-PU resins were then used to modify ramie fibers using vacuum impregnation method. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) revealed that the isolated lignin had quite similar characteristics to the lignin standard. Fractionation of lignin with EtAc and MeOH altered its characteristics. FTIR, DSC, and TGA showed that solid fractions of lignin had similar characteristics to lignin standard and isolated lignin, while the liquid fractions had characteristics from lignin and the solvents. The absorption band of isocyanate (−N=C=O) groups was shifted to 2285 cm−1 from 2240 cm−1 owing to the reaction with the −OH groups in lignin, forming urethane (R−NH−C=O−R) groups at 1605 cm−1 in Bio-PU resins. Thermal properties of Bio-PU resins derived from L-EtAc exhibited greater endothermic reaction compared to Bio-PU-L-MeOH. As a result, the free −N=C=O groups in Bio-PU resins have reacted with –OH groups on the surface of ramie fibers and improved its thermal properties. Modification of ramie fibers with Bio-PU resins improved the fibers’ thermal stability by 15% using Bio-PU-LEtAc for 60 min of impregnation.Keywords: Bio-polyurethane resins, Impregnation, Lignin fractions, Ramie fibers, Thermal stabilit

Skrining Aktivitas Antibakteri dari Fungi Simbion Karang Lunak Sarcophyton sp. Hasil Isolasi di Perairan Pulau Pramuka, Taman Nasional Laut Kepulauan Seribu

Fungi yang bersimbiosis dengan karang lunak Sarcophyton sp. telah diisolasi dari Perairan Pulau Pramuka, Taman Nasional Laut Kepulauan Seribu dan diperoleh sebanyak enam isolat.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan identifikasi secara makroskopis terhadap isolat fungi dari Sarcophyton sp. serta melakukan uji antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Konsentrasi hambat minimum ditentukan dengan metode dilusi cair. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan isolat fungus dengan kode FSarc-04 memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terbaik terhadap dua bakteri standar uji dengan nilai konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) terhadap bakteri E. coli ATCC 25922 adalah 150 mg L-1, sedangkan E. coli tipe liar  300 mg L-1. Nilai KHM untuk S. aureus ATCC 25923  adalah 300 mg L-1, dan S. aureus tipe liar  600 mg L-1. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan potensi isolat fungi FSarc-04  dapat dikembangkan sebagai kandidat obat anti diare. Identifikasi lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis fungi yang ada pada Sarcophyton sp.

Aktivitas Biosurfaktan dari Jamur Eksogenous Terhadap Penurunan Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) Oily Sludge Asal Balongan

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai aktivitas biosurfaktan dari jamur eksogenous terhadap penurunan Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) oily sludge asal Balongan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan jamur eksogenous untuk menghasilkan biosurfaktan dan menurunkan TPH oily sludge asal Balongan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan dua kali pengulangan yang terdiri dari tiga tahap. Tahap pertama adalah seleksi 9 isolat jamur penghasil biosurfaktan dengan Oil Spreading Assay, tahap kedua yaitu optimisasi pH untuk pertumbuhan jamur yang paling baik pada medium padat, dan tahap terakhir yaitu degradasi oily sludge dengan fermentasi padat atau Solid State Fermentation (SSF) selama 15 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 9 isolat jamur eksogenous, yang menghasilkan biosurfaktan terbaik adalah Cladosporium sp. dan Penicillium sp. Derajat keasaman yang optimum untuk pertumbuhan berbeda untuk tiap jamur, yaitu Cladosporium sp. optimum pada pH 5,5 sedangkan Penicillium sp.7 optimum pada pH 4,5. Setelah fermentasi selama 15 hari, Penicillium sp. mampu menurunkan kadar TPH sebesar 19,40% sedangkan Cladosporium sp. menurunkan kadar TPH sebanyak 17,92%.Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai aktivitas biosurfaktan dari jamur eksogenous terhadap penurunan Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) oily sludge asal Balongan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan jamur eksogenous untuk menghasilkan biosurfaktan dan menurunkan TPH oily sludge asal Balongan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan dua kali pengulangan yang terdiri dari tiga tahap. Tahap pertama adalah seleksi 9 isolat jamur penghasil biosurfaktan dengan Oil Spreading Assay, tahap kedua yaitu optimisasi pH untuk pertumbuhan jamur yang paling baik pada medium padat, dan tahap terakhir yaitu degradasi oily sludge dengan fermentasi padat atau Solid State Fermentation (SSF) selama 15 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 9 isolat jamur eksogenous, yang menghasilkan biosurfaktan terbaik adalah Cladosporium sp. dan Penicillium sp. Derajat keasaman yang optimum untuk pertumbuhan berbeda untuk tiap jamur, yaitu Cladosporium sp. optimum pada pH 5,5 sedangkan Penicillium sp.7 optimum pada pH 4,5. Setelah fermentasi selama 15 hari, Penicillium sp. mampu menurunkan kadar TPH sebesar 19,40% sedangkan Cladosporium sp. menurunkan kadar TPH sebanyak 17,92%.

Praktikum MIKROBIOLOGI DASAR/ Novel

vii, 155 hal.; 19cm