Extraction and Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid in Kapok Leaves (Ceiba pentandra L.) using Ethanol as Solvent

Kapok (Ceiba pentandra L.) is traditionally used in medicine. Based on the phytochemical screening, the leaves contain phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and tannins. The method used to determine the total phenol content was the Folin-Ciocalteu method using gallic acid as standard solution. The linear regression equation obtained on measured at 765 nm is y = 0.0054x + 0.0272 with determination (r) and correlation coefficient (R2 ) of 0.9994 and 0.9997. Total phenolic content in ethanol extracts is 89.185 µg/ml calculated as gallic acid. Meanwhile, determination of flavonoid content used comparison standard of quercetin used the AlCl3 method. Measuring at a wavelength of 510 nm gives a linear regression equation y= 0.122 + 0.003x with r = 0.9984 and R2 = 0.9960. Flavonoid content in kapok leaves is 1.6287% w/w calculated as quercetin

Steroid dari Kulit Batang Aglaia glabrata dan Aktivitas Sitotoksinya terhadap Sel Kanker Leukemia P-388

Steroid saponin baru, b-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-galaktopiranosil-(1-4)-beta-D-glukopiranosida (1), bersama dengan empat steroid yang diketahui (2-5) diisolasi dari kulit batang dari Aglaia glabrata. Struktur kimia senyawa baru dijelaskan berdasarkan data-data spektroskopi. Semua senyawa diuji aktivitas sitotoksiknya terhadap sel kanker leukemia murine P-388. Diantara senyawa yang diisolasi tersebut, stigmasterol (4) menunjukkan aktivitas sitotoksik terkuat dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 12.2 mg/mL

Synthesis, Characterization, and BSLT Test of Pyrazoline and Pyrazole Compounds from Chalcone using Microwave Irradiation

Pyrazole is an organic compound, classified as an alkaloid, featuring a heterocyclic five-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two adjacent nitrogen atoms, forming an endocyclic double bond. Pyrazole has various biological activities, such as antibacterial, anticanc er, antiinflammatory, antidepressantion, and antioxidant. Pyrazole 2-(5-(4-chlorophenil)-1-phenil-1H-pyrazole-3il)phenol (TFP-2OH-4Cl) was synthesized via oxidative aromatization reaction of pyrazoline 2-(5-(4-chlorophenil)-1-phenil-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-il)phenol (PF-2OH-4Cl) with glacial acetic acid. Chalcone, pyrazoline, and pyrazole were synthesized using the microwave at 180 W at 85oC. The purity of the compounds was monitored on TLC plates, melting point, and HPLC analysis. The structure of synthesized compounds was confirmed by UV, FTIR, HNMR, and HRMS spectroscopic analyses. The yields obtained from synthesizing 2OHA-4ClBD, PF-2OH-4Cl, and TFP-2OH-4Cl compounds were 63.49%, 64.35 %, and 40.42 %. The cytotoxic activity of chalcone, pyrazoline, and pyrazole was evaluated by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method with shrimp larvae (Artemia salina Leach). Pyrazoline PF-2OH-4Cl is non-toxic as LC50 260.016 µg/mL, while chalcone   2OHA-4ClBD and pyrazole TFP-2OH-4Cl showed high toxicity with LC50 2.874 and 5.584 µg/mL

Review Article: Effect of Co-Expression Chaperones on the Expression of Intracellular Recombinant Proteins in Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli is widely used as a host for expressing recombinant proteins due to its well-studied genetics, fast growth, relatively low production costs, and high rate of protein expression. However, despite the high rate of protein expression, the availability of chaperone proteins was often insufficient, resulting in the formation of inclusion bodies due to errors in protein folding. These inclusion bodies can cause the protein to become inactive, and proper protein folding is crucial for maintaining the structure and function of proteins in living organisms. To overcome this limitation, chaperones have been developed as a strategy to help prevent protein folding errors and increase the recovery of soluble protein. In this review, we summarize several experiments related to co-expressing chaperones to enhance the expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli

Biosintesis ZnO Nanopartikel-CTAB dari Ekstrak Air Daun Jambu Biji, Ion Zn2+ dan CTAB: Karakterisasi dan Aplikasinya sebagai Antibakteri Escherichia coli

Biosintesis ZnO nanopartikel-CTAB dilakukan dalam suasana basa dengan interaksi antara ion Zn2+ , CTAB dan media ekstrak air daun jambu biji. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah biosintesis ZnO nanopartikelCTAB, karakterisasi dan aplikasinya sebagai antibakteri. Karakterisasi produk ini dengan spektrofotometer FTIR dan XRD. Suspensi ZnO nanopartikel-CTAB digunakan sebagai antibakteri Escherichia coli dengan metode difusi sumuran. Gugus fungsi Zn-O muncul pada bilangan gelombang 486,06 cm-1 dan ukuran kristalinitas ZnO nanopartikel-CTAB diperkirakan sebesar 10,08 nm. Rata-rata zona hambat ZnO nanopartikel - CTAB terhadap Escherichia coli pada setiap konsentrasi adalah 9,10 -10,70 mm

Nitrogen Determination in Leaves Palm Oil using The San++ Scalar Continuous Flow Analyzer Following Wet Digestion with 50ml Dilution Sulfuric Acid: Testing and Validation

Nitrogen is a crucial macronutrient for the growth of oil palm plants. Insufficient nitrogen can lead to chlorosis in young leaves, causing them to turn yellow and impede growth. To determine the nitrogen content in oil palm leaves and estimate the required fertilizer amount, a test must be conducted. In this study, the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) standard method was employed to measure nitrogen levels. The method's performance procedure has undergone changes. The test results displayed a high correlation coefficient (r) of 99.99% and a % relative standard deviation (RSD) value of 1.8541%. The RSD value is below 2/3 of Horwitz CV, which is 7.7565. The single test accuracy was determined to be 102.01%, while the spike variation accuracy test yielded 102.66%. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 8.9213, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was determined as 29.7378. Furthermore, the instrument's limit values were established as an LOD of 8.8575 and an LOQ of 29.5250. The test results obtained meet the acceptance criteria based on AOAC

Bio-Hand Sanitizer Based on Peel of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia S) and Leaves Betel (Piper betle L)

The large number of antiseptic products on the market provide choices for people to choose alcoholic or non-alcoholic hand sanitizers. Most commercial hand sanitizers are 70% to 90% alcohol-based. For some people, the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers is not friendly for sensitive skin. Therefore, in this study efforts were made to minimize the use of alcohol as an antiseptic agent in hand sanitizers by using lime peel extract and betel leaf extract. Betel leaves contain chemicals that are useful as antiseptic, antibacterial, and antioxidant substances. The lime peel contains flavonoid compounds that are useful as antioxidants, antiseptics, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial. The results showed that the extraction of lime peel was dark brown and betel leaves were blackish brown. Lime peel extraction was carried out for 5 hours using the maceration method while lime peel extraction used the reflux method. The results of the inhibition test using the Disk Diffusion Test method showed that the growth of bacteria in the sample area grew less compared to the eco-enzyme and water. While the results of the organoleptic test showed that bio-hand sanitizer products made from the lime peel and betel leaf were quite attractive to respondents.

Analisis Potensi Antioksidan Daun Kayu Bulan (Pisonia alba Span.) sebagai Agen Anti Penuaan Dini

Penuaan merupakan suatu proses alamiah yang dapat dipengaruhi oleh radikal bebas. Adanya radikal bebas dapat dicegah oleh agen antioksidan. Salah satu tanaman hias yang diketahui mengandung fenolik dan flavonoid serta aktivitas antioksidan yaitu daun kayu bulan (Pisonia alba S). Berdasarkan penelusuran pustaka, belum terdapat penelitian yang membandingkan aktivitas antioksidan daun kayu bulan dengan metode DPPH, FRAP dan ABTS. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mengetahui potensi daun kayu bulan sebagai agen anti penuaan dini melalui analisis kemampuan antioksidan dengan metode DPPH, FRAP dan ABTS. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi daun kayu bulan dengan metode maserasi. Ekstrak kental yang diperoleh diuji antioksidan dengan metode DPPH, FRAP, dan ABTS dengan pembanding kuersetin dan vitamin C. Berdasarkan hasil uji dengan metode DPPH, FRAP dan ABTS didapatkan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi hingga terendah secara berurutan yaitu kuersetin, vitamin C dan ekstrak etanol daun kayu bulan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun kayu bulan termasuk ke dalam kategori antioksidan sedang yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai IC50 terhadap DPPH 248,524 ± 9,819, FRAP value 7,408 ± 0,277, dan IC50 terhadap ABTS 173,972 ± 7,817. Berdasarkan hasil dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun kayu bulan (Pisonia alba S) memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan kemampuan sedang dengan uji DPPH, FRAP dan ABTS. Artinya, daun kayu bulan memiliki potensi untuk diteliti lebih lanjut sebagai suatu agen anti penuaan dini

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Titanium Dioksida (TiO2) dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam (Eugenia Polyantha Wight) terhadap Efektivitas Krim Tabir Surya Berbahan Baku Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pengaruh konsentrasi titanium dioksida (TiO2) dan ekstrak etanol daun salam (Eugenia polyantha wight) terhadap efektivitas krim tabir surya berbahan baku virgin coconut oil (VCO). Krim tabir surya dibuat dengan cara mencampurkan fase air (gliserin, trietanolamin (TEA), metil paraben, akuades) dan fase minyak (VCO, asam stearat, lanolin, setil alkohol, propil paraben) serta ditambahkan bahan aktif TiO2 dan ekstrak etanol daun salam, lalu diaduk hingga terbentuk krim yang homogen. Krim yang dihasilkan ditentukan karakteristiknya yaitu pH, homogenitas, viskositas, serapan radiasi ultraviolet (UV) dan sun protection factor (SPF). Efektivitas krim tabir surya dapat ditentukan dari SPF yang dihitung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa krim yang dihasilkan memiliki susunan yang homogen, pH 7,2-7,75, viskositas 6160-12400 cP. Konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun salam dan TiO2 berpengaruh terhadap SPF krim. Jika konsentrasi TiO2 dan ekstrak etanol daun salam ditingkatkan, maka SPF krim juga akan meningkat. Krim dengan ekstrak etanol daun salam 1,5% dan TiO2 6% memiliki SPF 2,206 yang menurut food and drug administration (FDA) termasuk dalam tipe proteksi minimal

The Study of Plasmonic Chip of Nata de Sago-green Silver Nanoparticles for Detection of Blood Glucose

The innovation of rapid blood glucose level detectors using chemical sensors still needs to be carried out continuously. Nata de sago has good potential as a safe sensor chip for blood glucose detection. To increase the detection speed, this sensor chip can be composited with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-bidara leaf extract which has plasmonic properties when interacting with visible radiation. The principle of blood glucose detection with the nata de sago-AgNPs-bidara leaf extract composite chip is based on van der Waals interactions between the functional groups in nata de sago and the hydroxyl groups in glucose compounds which are strengthened by the plasmonic nature of AgNPs.This study aims to synthesize and characterize nata de sago cellulose composite films embedded with silver nanoparticles as blood sugar detection sensor chips. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from AgNO3 precursors using bioreductors and capping agents of bidara leaf extract (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) with various volume ratios of precursor to bioreductor 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6. The nata de sago-AgNPs-bidara leaf extract composite was made by soaking the nata de sago film in a suspension of AgNPs-bidara leaf extract for 1 hour until the film turned yellow. The film was then dried for 24 hours at room temperature to obtain a cuvette type plasmonic film which was ready for characterization and validation.FTIR analysis showed the formation of silver particles based on vibrational spectra changes of functional groups of bioreductor compounds at wave numbers 3423 cm-1, 2924 cm-1, 1641 cm-1 and 1056 cm-1. Morphological analysis using a digital microscope showed that the AgNPs were not uniformly spherical. Particle size analysis using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed that the AgNPs formed had an estimated diameter of 32.231 – 82.261 nm. Composite film of nata de sago-AgNPs-bidara leaf extract can be used as a blood glucose sensor chip by UV-Vis spectrophotometry with LOD = 30.814 mg/dL, LOQ = 50.814, %RSD = 5.015, and %R 90.68. The values of these parameters indicate that the sensor chip has good precision (%RSD) and accuracy (%R)