Properties of Roman bricks and mortars used in Serapis Temple in Bergama

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Architectural Restoration, Izmir, 2005Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 111-115)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxvii, 128 leavesSerapis Temple, which was constructed in the Roman Period and reached our present time, is one of the most important monuments of the world heritage. We must hand over this monument to next generations. This requires the identification of the characteristics of original construction materials and their deterioration problems for preventive measures.In this study, characteristics of bricks, mortars and plasters used in the Serapis Temple have been determined in order to have the necessary information of the characteristics of the intervention materials, which will be used in the conservation works of the temple. For this purpose, Roman, Byzantine and intervention bricks, mortars and plasters were collected for the laboratory analysis.Several analyses were carried out to understand their basic physical properties, microstructural features, and mineralogical and chemical compositions.Experimental results of the study indicated that Roman and intervention bricks are low dense and high porous. Raw materials used in their manufacturing were calcium poor clays and their firing temperatures did not exceed 900 C.Roman and Byzantine mortars and plasters are stiff, compact, low dense and high porous materials. They have high compressive strength values. But, intervention mortars are not stiff and compact and they have very low compressive strength.The mortars used during the late restoration works (1940) were manufactured by using lime and cement. Due to the use of cement, they contain a high amount of soluble salts compared to the Roman and Byzantine ones.The results of this study indicated that intervention materials should be compatible with the original materials and they will not give any damage to the original ones. This requires knowing about both the composition and physical properties of original materials as well as the problems of deterioration

Properties of Roman bricks and mortars used in Serapis temple in the city of Pergamon

Serapis temple, which was constructed in the Roman period in the city of Pergamon (Bergama/Turkey), is one of the most important monuments of the world heritage. In this study, the characteristics of bricks and mortars used in the temple have been determined in order to define the necessary characteristics of the intervention materials, which will be used in the conservation works of the temple. Several analyses were carried out to determine their basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical and microstructural properties using X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope and a Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer. Analysis results indicated that the mortars are stiff, compact and hydraulic due to the use of natural pozzolanic aggregates. The Roman bricks are of low density, high porosity and were produced from raw materials containing calcium poor clays fired at low temperatures

Properties of Roman bricks and mortars used in Serapis Temple in Bergama

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Architectural Restoration, Izmir, 2005Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 111-115)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxvii, 128 leavesSerapis Temple, which was constructed in the Roman Period and reached our present time, is one of the most important monuments of the world heritage. We must hand over this monument to next generations. This requires the identification of the characteristics of original construction materials and their deterioration problems for preventive measures.In this study, characteristics of bricks, mortars and plasters used in the Serapis Temple have been determined in order to have the necessary information of the characteristics of the intervention materials, which will be used in the conservation works of the temple. For this purpose, Roman, Byzantine and intervention bricks, mortars and plasters were collected for the laboratory analysis.Several analyses were carried out to understand their basic physical properties, microstructural features, and mineralogical and chemical compositions.Experimental results of the study indicated that Roman and intervention bricks are low dense and high porous. Raw materials used in their manufacturing were calcium poor clays and their firing temperatures did not exceed 900 C.Roman and Byzantine mortars and plasters are stiff, compact, low dense and high porous materials. They have high compressive strength values. But, intervention mortars are not stiff and compact and they have very low compressive strength.The mortars used during the late restoration works (1940) were manufactured by using lime and cement. Due to the use of cement, they contain a high amount of soluble salts compared to the Roman and Byzantine ones.The results of this study indicated that intervention materials should be compatible with the original materials and they will not give any damage to the original ones. This requires knowing about both the composition and physical properties of original materials as well as the problems of deterioration

Mortality Risk Factors among Critically Ill Children with Acute COVID-19 in PICUs: A Multicenter Study from Turkish Pediatric Critical COVID-19 and MIS-C Study Group

© 2022 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. All rights reserved.Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the world has a large number of reported COVID-19 cases and deaths. Information on characteristics and mortality rate of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) cases with COVID-19 remains limited. This study aims to identify the risk factors for mortality related to COVID-19 in children admitted to PICU. Methods: A retrospective multicenter cohort study was conducted between March 2020 and April 2021 at 44 PICUs in Turkey. Children who were 1 month-18-year of age with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to PICU were included in the study. Children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome and asymptomatic for COVID-19 were excluded. Results: Of 335 patients with COVID-19, the median age was 6.8 years (IQR: 1.2-14) and 180 (53.7 %) were male, 215 (64.2 %) had at least one comorbidity. Age and gender were not related to mortality. Among 335 patients, 166 (49.5%) received mechanical ventilation, 17 (5.1%) received renal replacement therapy and 44 (13.1 %) died. Children with medical complexity, congenital heart disease, immunosuppression and malignancy had significantly higher mortality. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, organ failure index [odds ratio (OR): 2.1, 95 confidence interval (CI): 1.55-2.85], and having congenital heart disease (OR: 2.65, 95 CI: 1.03-6.80), were associated with mortality. Conclusions: This study presents detailed data on clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 admitted to PICU in the first pandemic year in Turkey. Our study shows that having congenital heart disease is associated with mortality. In addition, the high organ failure score in follow-up predict mortality