The Role of Digital Technology and Regulations in the Diffusion of Mobile Phones in Asia

More and more people are using mobile (cellular) phones and the world is increasingly becoming unwired due to diffusion of this technology. The cellular technology is present in most Asian countries since 1980s. However, its diffusion process in these countries has largely been affected by technological developments, i.e., transition from analogue to digital, and regulations. The nature of regulations relate to spectrum licensing and the number of competitors allowed by respective governments. These regulatory decisions may explain the current structure of mobile phone industry in most of these countries. The popularity of cellular communication lies in its appealing advantage as compared with the fixed networks. The most important feature of a cellular phone is its portability in that the call is made to a person and not to a place. In developed countries, the features available on mobile handsets (such as caller line identification, voice mail, call forwarding, call waiting and the facility of receiving and transmitting short text messages) are available free of charge. However, these cell phone facilities are very costly in developing countries as compared with their fixed networks. The regulatory licensing structure prevailing in these countries partly explains this price differential. In effect there has been wide diversity in the speed of introduction of mobile phones and their diffusion across developing countries, which has not been explored. Gruber and Verboven (1998) has recently examined diffusion of cell phones in the European Union. However, this is a neglected area of research in developing countries.

Strategies to mitigate secondary salinization in the Indus Basin of Pakistan: a selective review

Salinity control / Water table / River basins / Irrigation management / Water quality / Irrigation practices / Drainage / Sodic soils / Pakistan

Soil salinity-sodicity and land use suitability in the Fordwah Eastern Sadiqia (South) irrigated area

Soil salinity / Sodic soils / Soil classification / Soil surveys / Soil analysis / Groundwater development / Water table / Water quality / Land use / Irrigation canals / Farmer participation / Surface drainage / Subsurface drainage / Soil reclamation / Waterlogging / Pakistan / Fordwah Eastern Sadiqia / Bahawalnagar District

Branching Ratio and CP-asymmetry for B-> 1^{1}P_{1}gamma decays

We calculate the branching ratios for B_{d}^{0}->(b_{1},h_{1})gamma at next-to-leading order (NLO) of alpha_{s} where b_{1} and h_{1} are the corresponding radially excited axial vector mesons of rho and omega respectively. Using the SU(3)symmetry for the form factor, the branching ratio for B_{d}^{0}->(b_{1},h_{1})gamma is expressed in terms of the branching ratio of the B_{d}^{0}-> K_{1}gamma and it is found to be B(B_{d}^{0}->b_{1}gamma)=0.71* 10^{-6} and B(B_{d}^{0}-> h_{1}gamma) =0.74*10^{-6}. We also calculate direct CP asymmetry for these decays and find, in confirmity with the observations made in the literature, that the hard spectator contributions significantely reduces the asymmetry arising from the vertex corrections alone. The value of CP-asymmetry is 10% and is negative like rho and omega in the Standard Model.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Sistem Administrasi Kependudukan dan Inventarisasi Desa Kulu Kabupaten Pekalongan Menggunakan Borland Delphi 7.0

Kulu village head's office is a government agency which serves airport administration and inventory for the village people associated with the elements of geographical, social, economic, political, and cultural as well as interconnected with other areas.Technological developments in Village Head Office Kulu been computerized but has not had an application program that can assist employees in carrying out and run the job.Development and technological progress is urgently needed now in Kulu Village Head Office to support and improve the quality in providing services to the public.Steps being taken in this research is data collection is done based on field studies, namely through observational studies, a review is carried directly to the administrative section and the inventory in the village hall kulu. Development of systems using object-oriented analysis with the waterfall method, followed by the design which includes process design, database design, and user interface.Implementation of the design is the result of encoding by using a programming language that has been set.The result is Application Administration and Inventory Population System at Village Head Office Kulu Using Borland Delphi 7.0.This application was developed using information technology-based computer applications with MySQL databas

Modelling of Metallurgical Processes Using Chaos Theory and Hybrid Computational Intelligence

The main objective of the present work is to develop a framework for modelling and controlling of a real world multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) continuously drifting metallurgical process, which is shown to be a complex system. A small change in the properties of the charge composition may lead to entirely different outcome of the process. The newly emerging paradigm of soft-computing or Hybrid Computational Intelligence Systems approach which is based on neural networks, fuzzy sets, genetic algorithms and chaos theory has been applied to tackle this problem In this framework first a feed-forward neuro-model has been developed based on the data collected from a working Submerged Arc Furnace (SAF). Then the process is analysed for the existence of the chaos with the chaos theory (calculating indices like embedding dimension, Lyapunov exponent etc). After that an effort is made to evolve a fuzzy logic controller for the dynamical process using combination of genetic algorithms and the neural networks based forward model to predict the system’s behaviour or conditions in advance and to further suggest modifications to be made to achieve the desired results