Severity of diplodia shoot blight (caused by diplodia sapinea) was greatest on pinus sylvestris and pinus nigra in a plantation containing five pine species

The authors thank the Ministry of Forestry for pro-viding the seedlings used in this research. Financial support was provided by SDÜ BAP 3826-YL1-13 and TÜBİTAK – TOVAG (Project No: 114O138).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The occurrence and pathogenicity of fungi associated with Orthotomicus erosus on Pinus brutia in the Southern Marmara, Türkiye

Fungal pathogens associated with bark beetles constitute one of the most significant problems to forest health. The Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) is a native species in the forests of Türkiye and occurs in the Mediterranean-type climate. The Southern Marmara is a natural occurrence area of Turkish pine in the Marmara Region. In the present study, trap logs were set up in pure Pinus brutia forests to investigate fungi associated with Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston) (Mediterranean pine beetle) throughout Southern Marmara. Orthotomicus erosus adults, larvae, and their galleries were sampled and individually cultured on a 1% CSMA (cycloheximide–streptomycin malt agar) medium. Three ophiostomatoid fungi were identified using morphological characteristics and molecular genetic analyses: Ceratocystis (syn. Ophiostoma) ips (Rumbold) C. Moreau, Graphilbum sp. H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr., and Leptographium wingfieldii M. Morelet. All three species were new in records of the fungal flora of Türkiye. The most dominant of these species, Ceratocystis ips was isolated 69%. Unexpectedly, L. wingfieldii had a high-frequency association with O. erosus (27%). The pathogenicity tests showed that all three species could cause lesions on branches of Turkish pine but were non-pathogenic or weak pathogenic

First report of Lecanosticta acicola on pine and non-pine hosts in Turkey

Acknowledgements We would like to thank İstanbul Bahçeköy Forestry Enterprise for allowing us to sample in the Arboretum, and to Merve Kartaloğlu Sönmez the manager of the Arboretum, for her hospitality. This study was partly supported by the Estonian Science Foundation grant PSG136, the Ministry of Rural Affairs of Estonia, and the Euphresco projects; Lecanosticta - Brown spot disease of pines – spread in European forest ecosystems: impact on pines, predisposing and contributing factors, control (BROWNSPOTRISK) and the International Plant Sentinel Network as an early warning system; research on future pest threats (IPSN II).Peer reviewedPostprin

Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana TOMRUKLARINDAN KESİLEN DİSKLERİN Heterobasidion annosum s.l. TARAFINDAN KOLONİZASYONU

Bu çalışmada, Bolu, Aladağ-Şerif Yüksel Araştırma Ormanı’nda yeni kesilmiş, 21 göknar (Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana) ağacının tomruklarının farklı yüksekliklerinden alınan 39 adet diskte, Heterobasidion annosum s. l.’ a ait konidioforların varlığı araştırılmıştır. Oda sıcaklığında bir haftalık inkubasyon döneminin sonunda, her bir diskin 5 farklı noktasından alınan konidioforlardan gelişen miselyumda, kanca oluşumuna bakılmış ve bunların % 90,97’sinin homokaryotik % 9,03’ünün ise heterokaryotik karakterde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Heterokaryotik özellikteki miselyumun elde edildiği disklerde, hastalık etmeninin ağaçta daha önceden bulunduğuna işaret eden tipik belirtilere rastlanmamıştır. Kesitlerin alındığı tarihte havada basidiospor inokulumunun var olduğu, dolayısıyla yeni kesilmiş disklerde gözlenen bulaşmanın basidiosporlar aracılığıyla gerçekleştirildiği sonucuna varıldı. Anahtar kelimeler: Annosum kök çürüklüğü, konidiofor, basidiospor, odun diskleri, göknar

HETEROBASIDION ANNOSUM S. L.’ UN ULUDAĞ GÖKNARINDA OLUŞTURDUĞU ALT GÖVDE ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNÜN ARAZİ VE LABORATUVAR METOTLARI İLE TESPİTİ

Bu çalışmada, Uludağ göknarında (Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana (Mattf.) Coode & Cullen) shigometre ve artım burgusunun Heterobasidion annosum s.l. ve diğer funguslardan kaynaklanan kök ve alt gövde çürüklüğünün tespitinde kullanım olanakları araştırılmıştır. Seçilen ağaçların yakınında veya çevresinde, H. annosum’ un neden olduğu tipik beyaz çürüklük belirtisini ya da üreme organlarını taşıyan kütükler bulunmasına dikkat edilmiştir. Ağaçlardan alınan artım kalemleri laboratuarda kültüre alınmış ve öncelikle Heterobasidion annosum olmak üzere diğer çürüklük funguslarının varlığı açısından incelenmiştir. Shigometre, toplam 20 ağacın 15’ inde elektriksel dirençte % 75’ in üzerinde düşüşe, başka bir deyişle ağaçta olası bir probleme işaret ederken, kültüre alınan artım çubuklarının sadece üçünden H. annosum s.l. izole edilebilmiştir. Shigometre ve artım burgusundan elde edilen sonuçların birbirinden farklı olmasının nedenleri arasında, diğer göknar türlerinde yaygın olduğu bilinen ıslak odun oluşumunun Uludağ göknarında da görülebilme olasılığı sayılabilir. Dolayısıyla, Uludağ göknarında shigometre ölçümleri üzerine ıslak odun oluşumunun ve çürüklüğe neden olan fungusların etkisinin belirlenmesi için daha detaylı araştırmalara gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Heterobasidion annosum, Beyaz çürüklük, Göknar, Shigometre, Artım burgus

Seed quantity affects the fungal community composition detected using metabarcoding

Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge COST Action FP 1406 “Pine pitch canker—strategies for management of Gibberella circinata in greenhouses and forests” (PINESTRENGTH), for supporting F.O. in this work. M.C. is supported by Te Swedish Research Council FORMAS (grant number 2018-00966). S.W. was part-funded by the UK Forestry Commission. Permission has been obtained for collection of seeds for the study.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Cryptic Risks to Forest Biosecurity Associated with the Global Movement of Commercial Seed

Funding: This research was funded by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS grant number 2018-00966, and the UK Forestry Commission. Support was also provided by the EU-COST Action FP 1406 “Pine pitch canker - strategies for management of Gibberella circinata in greenhouses and forests” (PINESTRENGTH). Acknowledgments: We gratefully acknowledge laboratory support from Mohammed Elsafy, and the Forest Tree Seeds and Tree Breeding Research Directorate for providing the Turkish seeds. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Alberto Santini from the Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - C.N.R. in Italy for providing information on documented seed introductions to Europe from the international database he maintains.Peer reviewedPreprintPublisher PD

Diplodia Tip Blight on Its Way to the North: Drivers of Disease Emergence in Northern Europe

Disease emergence in northern and boreal forests has been mostly due to tree-pathogen encounters lacking a co-evolutionary past. However, outbreaks involving novel interactions of the host or the pathogen with the environment have been less well documented. Following an increase of records in Northern Europe, the first large outbreak of Diplodia sapinea on Pinus sylvestris was discovered in Sweden in 2016. By reconstructing the development of the epidemic, we found that the attacks started approx. 10 years back from several isolated trees in the stand and ended up affecting almost 90% of the trees in 2016. Limited damage was observed in other plantations in the surroundings of the affected stand, pointing to a new introduced pathogen as the cause of the outbreak. Nevertheless, no genetic differences based on SSR markers were found between isolates of the outbreak area and other Swedish isolates predating the outbreak or from other populations in Europe and Asia Minor. On a temporal scale, we saw that warm May and June temperatures were associated with higher damage and low tree growth, while cold and rainy conditions seemed to favor growth and deter disease. At a spatial scale, we saw that spread occurred predominantly in the SW aspect-area of the stand. Within that area and based on tree-ring and isotope (δ13C) analyses, we saw that disease occurred on trees that over the years had shown a lower water-use efficiency (WUE). Spore traps showed that highly infected trees were those producing the largest amount of inoculum. D. sapinea impaired latewood growth and reduced C reserves in needles and branches. D. sapinea attacks can cause serious economic damage by killing new shoots, disrupting the crown, and affecting the quality of stems. Our results show that D. sapinea has no limitations in becoming a serious pathogen in Northern Europe. Management should focus on reducing inoculum, especially since climate change may bring more favorable conditions for this pathogen. Seedlings for planting should be carefully inspected as D. sapinea may be present in a latent stage in asymptomatic tissues

Sphaeropsis sapinea Dyko & Sutton Associated with Shoot Blight on Pinus brutia Ten. in Southwestern Turkey

Abstract -This study was conducted in order to determine the agents of shoot blight and dieback of Calabrian pines at Aşağı Gökdere, Isparta province, in 2005 and 2006. Ninety trees were selected systematically in the stand. One dead branch from each tree was cut and the shoots were investigated under the stereomicroscope for the presence of fungal structures. Sphaeropsis sapinea Dyko & Sutton and Truncatella hartigii (Tubeuf) Steyaert were common fungi, with the observation frequencies of 21.1% and 46.7%, respectively. Pathogenicity of two fungi was investigated by winter and spring inoculations on Calabrian and Crimean pine. After eight months incubation period, the lesion sizes were measured. S. sapinea was found to be quite aggressive and large lesions formed on both hosts while lesions caused by T. hartigii did not differ significantly from the control

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE Editor

SDU Press and Public Relations PRESS Fakülte Kitabevi-ISPARTA SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal is a refereed journal and published twice a year. Responsibility for the published papers concern to the Author