Prevalence and Prevention Strategies of Violence in Special Schools: A Quantitative Survey

This study was carried out to identify the opinions of students with hearing impairment and their teachers about prevalence of violence in special schools. This research was quantitative in nature and descriptive research method was used to conduct the study. The population of the study comprised students with hearing impairment (SWHI) and their teachers working in public sector schools. Researchers selected 60 students with hearing impairment studying at elementary level (males= 23, females= 37). A sample of 100 teachers were also taken from schools working in Lahore. On the basis of literature review, two structured questionnaires with close ended options were developed. The estimated reliability of teachers’ questionnaire was Cronbach alpha 0.82 and of students’ questionnaire (Cronbach alpha 0.85). Researchers personally visited schools to collect data from students whereas data from teachers were collected through telephone and email. Frequency percentages, mean and standard deviation were used for data analysis. The results of the study indicated that most of students with hearing impairment used to experience non- verbal violence and feel scary before and after school time. Teachers reported that students used to threaten one another, damage school property or personal items. They used abusive language. Schools had taken many initiatives to create healthy and safe environment i.e, appointing security guards to control access to school buildings, increasing monitoring by applying rules and regulations and involving students in conflict resolving activities. However, training teachers, counselling, student tutoring and mentoring are required for healthy school environment

Awareness Level of Visually Impaired College Students about Urdu Poets and Poetry in Punjab: A Qualitative Inquiry

Language has been the most popular source of communication in human society since the start of civilization. The tradition of Folk Tales appeared as the foundation of literature in ancient times. Poetry is a significant way of expression in human literature. Urdu language possesses uncountable master pieces of prose and poetry. Visually impaired persons have proved themselves as literature lovers, good readers and visionary poets in past and present. This study is an effort to depict the awareness level of visually impaired college students about Urdu poets and their creations. The population of the study consisted of all visually impaired students enrolled in public and private sector colleges located in the district Lahore and Okara. A self developed and validated structured interview schedule containing 10 open ended questions was used to collect data from conveniently selected sample of 30 visually impaired students (males= 18, females=12). Descriptive statistics (percentages of responses) were calculated, collected information was coded; major themes were derived and interpreted by qualitative data analysis technique. The Study reflected that the visually impaired college students were having a lot of information about Urdu poets and their creations although there seemed a lack of in depth knowledge. They reported the lack of talking books and material in Braille on Urdu poetry of great and famous poets. They suggested the establishment of talking libraries throughout the country. Major findings were reported, conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made to Punjab Higher Education Department.&nbsp

Violence experienced by the girls with hearing impairment in the schools and its impact on their education

 School based violence is a type of youth violence that occurs within school premises. A students can be a victim, perpetrator or a witness of school based violence. The incidence of violence prevails more among girls with hearing impairment due to their communication and language problems. The main objectives of conducting this research were to explore the nature and type of violence experienced by the girls with hearing impairment studying in the schools of Punjab, highlight the impact of violence on their academic outcomes and to see the role of school administration for the rehabilitation of victimized girls. A qualitative research design was used to conduct the study. The population of the study consisted of girls with hearing impairment studying at secondary level in the schools of Punjab province. A sample of 17 girls with hearing impairment was purposively selected from the 17 schools of Punjab. Researchers took only those girls who had been victim of violence once and more in their life during school hours. An interview protocol was developed to take interview in-depth interviews from the victimized girls.  Based on the interviews, violence experience by the girls characterized into four themes including physical, psychological, sexual and verbal abuse. The study concluded that all types of violence effects on the overall personality and in particular on the academic performance of victim. The study highlighted that schools have not any formal system to deal the violence related issues. Study recommended for the empowerment of girls with hearing impairment to raise their voices against violence.  &nbsp

A subspace based subspace inclusion graph on vector space

Let $\mathscr{W}$ be a fixed $k$-dimensional subspace of an $n$-dimensi\-onal vector space $\mathscr{V}$ such that $n-k\geq1.$ In this paper, we introduce a graph structure, called the subspace based subspace inclusion graph $\mathscr{I}_{n}^{\mathscr{W}}(\mathscr{V}),$ where the vertex set $\mathscr{V}(\mathscr{I}_{n}^{\mathscr{W}}(\mathscr{V}))$ is the collection of all subspaces $\mathscr{U}$ of $\mathscr{V}$ such that $\mathscr{U}+\mathscr{W}\neq\mathscr{V}$ and $\mathscr{U}\nsubseteq\mathscr{W},$ i.e., $\mathscr{V}(\mathscr{I}_{n}^{\mathscr{W}}(\mathscr{V}))= \{\mathscr{U}\subseteq\mathscr{V}~|~\mathscr{U}+\mathscr{W}\neq\mathscr{V}, \mathscr{U}\nsubseteq\mathscr{W}\}$ and any two distinct vertices $\mathscr{U}_{1}$ and $\mathscr{U}_{1}$ of $\mathscr{I}_{n}^{\mathscr{W}}(\mathscr{V})$ are adjacent if and only if either $\mathscr{U}_{1}+\mathscr{W}\subset\mathscr{U}_{2}+\mathscr{W}$ or $\mathscr{U}_{2}+\mathscr{W}\subset\mathscr{U}_{1}+\mathscr{W}.$ The diameter, girth, clique number, and chromatic number of $\mathscr{I}_{n}^{\mathscr{W}}(\mathscr{V})$ are studied. It is shown that two subspace based subspace inclusion graphs $\mathscr{I}_{n}^{\mathscr{W}_{1}}(\mathscr{V})$ and $\mathscr{I}_{n}^{\mathscr{W}_{2}}(\mathscr{V})$ are isomorphic if and only if $\mathscr{W}_{1}$ and $\mathscr{W}_{2}$ are isomorphic. Further, some properties of $\mathscr{I}_{n}^{\mathscr{W}}(\mathscr{V})$ are obtained when the base field is finite

The Status of Inclusive Education in Baluchistan: A Qualitative Investigation

The central purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the existing condition of the inclusive schools working in the province of Baluchistan, Pakistan. Out of six divisions of Baluchistan, Quetta division was selected purposively. After conducting a survey, eight inclusive schools were taken as sample from the regular schools. An observation sheet containing the components of school ecology, instructional practices of teachers, curriculum adaptations, classroom management, infra structure of schools, and use of teaching aids in the classrooms was prepared. In eight schools, 48 observations (three observations in grade three and four each) were conducted. The results reflected that most of the children were at the mild level of disability and teachers were paying attention to special children but due to lack of training in deaf education and unavailability of assistive devices, the anticipated outcomes were not being obtained. The conclusions were drawn and recommendations to the Department of Education, Government of the Baluchistan were given for the improvement of inclusive set up

Tracing Return and Volatility Spillover Effect between Exchange Rate and Pakistan Stock Exchange Index

The volatility spillover is broadly measured as the transmission of variability from one financial market to other markets. This study explores the spillover effect between the newly emerged index of the Pakistan stock exchange (PSX) and exchange rate by using the newly proposed alternative methodology by Ghouse et al. (2019) and GARCH model. Furthermore, the index under study is more concise in its composition than other readily used indices. The study finds shreds of evidence for the bidirectional spillover effect between PSX and exchange rate, which will be helpful for central policy makers and markets players in designing effective policy frameworks. Keywords: ARDL; GARCH; spillover effec

Design of Event-Triggered Asynchronous H∞ Filter for Switched Systems Using the Sampled-Data Approach

The design of networked switched systems with event-based communication is attractive due to its potential to save bandwidth and energy. However, ensuring the stability and performance of networked systems with event-triggered communication and asynchronous switching is challenging due to their time-varying nature. This paper presents a novel sampled-data approach to design event-triggered asynchronous H∞ filters for networked switched systems. Unlike most existing event-based filtering results, which either design the event-triggering scheme only or co-design the event-triggering condition and the filter, we consider that the event-triggering policy is predefined and synthesize the filter. We model the estimation error system as an event-triggered switched system with time delay and non-uniform sampling. By implementing a delay-dependent multiple Lyapunov method, we derive sufficient conditions to ensure the global asymptotic stability of the filtering error system and an H∞ performance level. The efficacy of the proposed design technique and the superiority of the filter performance is illustrated by numerical examples and by comparing the performance with a recent result