Oral Candidiasis Review: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, And Treatment Strategies

The candidiasis is an opportunistic infection commonly affecting the oral cavity. The most prevalent clinical symptoms of candidiasis seen in medical and dental practice is oral candidiasis. People who are extremely young, elderly, or already ill are more likely to develop the illness. The present review summarize classification, pathophysiology, laboratory diagnosis and treatment and management of oral candidiasis. Additionally, medicinal herbs and nutraceuticals can be explored as a safe, accessible, and cost-effective therapy option for oral candidiasi

Oral Candidiasis Review: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, And Treatment Strategies

The candidiasis is an opportunistic infection commonly affecting the oral cavity. The most prevalent clinical symptoms of candidiasis seen in medical and dental practice is oral candidiasis. People who are extremely young, elderly, or already ill are more likely to develop the illness. The present review summarize classification, pathophysiology, laboratory diagnosis and treatment and management of oral candidiasis. Additionally, medicinal herbs and nutraceuticals can be explored as a safe, accessible, and cost-effective therapy option for oral candidiasis

ANTIFUNGAL APPRAISAL OF BURKHOLDERIA GLADIOLI STRAIN VIMP03 (JQ867372) AGAINST CERATOCYSTIS PARADOXA

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of the present investigation was to assess antifungal characterization of Burkholderia gladioli strain VIMP03 (JQ867372), anisolate from sugar beet rhizosphere.Methods: Antifungal characterization was carried out by biochemical, dual culture, and agar well diffusion methods against Ceratocystis paradoxa, asoilborne pathogen of sugarcane and other crops. Culture filtrate and ethyl acetate extract obtained from culture supernatant were analyzed by highperformanceliquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses, respectively.Results: The culture filtrate and ethyl acetate extract exhibited effective antifungal activity. Organic acid profile of the culture filtrate was determined.Acetic acid was mainly produced by the culture under study. The GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract documented the presence of compoundsincluding tetratetracontane, 9-nonadecene, erucic acid, and other hydrocarbon derivatives.Conclusion: The GC-MS, HPLC, and biochemical profiles of B. gladioli strain VIMP03 (JQ867372) revealed its agro clinical-antifungal potential.Keywords: Antifungal, Burkholderia gladioli, High-performance liquid chromatography, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Cytopathological study of salivary gland lesion in patients at a tertiary care centre, Indore: a one-year study

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is being increasingly used in the diagnosis of salivary gland lesions. However, the diagnosis is still difficult sometimes. Salivary gland lesions account for 2-6.5% of all the neoplasms of the head and neck. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and the sensitivity and specificity of FNAC in various salivary gland lesions and their histological correlation wherever possible.Methods: A total of 123 FNACs were done on salivary gland swellings in the Department of Pathology, M.G.M. Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. The PAP stained cytological and H and E stained histopathological slides were studied and correlated.Results: On FNAC, slides were studied and analyzed and the following lesions were observed: Inflammatory lesion (69), Inflammatory cystic lesion (1), Pleomorphic adenoma (29), monomorphic adenoma (1), Warthin’s tumour (2), Benign Cystic lesion (4), Benign lesion (not specified) (4), Adenoid cystic carcinoma (3), Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (2), Metastatic carcinoma (3), and malignant tumour (unspecified) (5). Histopathological correlation was available in 41 cases and studied respectively.Conclusions: The overall sensitivity, specificity and the diagnostic accuracy were 90.2%, 97.6%, and 90.2%, respectively. Hence, the appropriate therapeutic management could be planned earlier. This study documents that FNAC of the salivary gland tumours is accurate, simple, rapid, inexpensive, well tolerated and harmless procedure for the patient

Relationship of ethnicity and CD4 Count with glucose metabolism among HIV patients on Highly-Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

Background HIV patients on HAART are prone to metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance, lipodystrophy and diabetes. This study purports to investigate the relationship of ethnicity and CD4+ T cell count attained after stable highly-active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) with glucose metabolism in hyperrtriglyceridemic HIV patients without a history of diabetes. Methods Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, endocrinologic, energy expenditure and metabolic measures were obtained in 199 multiethnic, healthy but hypertriglyceridemic HIV-infected patients [46% Hispanic, 17% African-American, 37% Non-Hispanic White (NHW)] on stable HAART without a history of diabetes. The relationship of glucose and insulin responses to ethnicity, CD4 strata (low (\u3c300/cc) or moderate-to-high (≥ 300/cc)), and their interaction was determined. Results African-Americans had significantly greater impairment of glucose tolerance (P \u3c 0.05) and HbA1c levels (P \u3c .001) than either Hispanics or NHWs. In multivariate models, after adjusting for confounders (age, sex, HIV/HAART duration, smoking, obesity, glucose, insulin and lipids), African-Americans and Hispanics had significantly higher HbA1c and 2-hour glucose levels than NHW’s. Demonstrating a significant interaction between ethnicity and CD4 count (P = 0.023), African Americans with CD4 \u3c300/cc and Hispanics with CD4 ≥300/cc had the most impaired glucose response following oral glucose challenge. Conclusions Among hypertriglyceridemic HIV patients on HAART, African-Americans and Hispanics are at increased risk of developing diabetes. Ethnicity also interacts with CD4+ T cell count attained on stable HAART to affect post-challenge glycemic response

ADAPTIVE IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY USING PIXEL INTENSITY DIFFERENCE

In this digital world the Internet has become so popular and billions of people are using it. On various platform, web applications as well as standalone applications there is a need of Internet. For this purpose various techniques like cryptography, data encryption/decryption, and data hiding algorithms are invented. But use of these techniques was not too secure and hackers easily stole the secret message. To ensure high security of confidential data a new technique was invented known as “Steganography”. In this paper we a new a new steganography scheme which is very efficient with respect to data hiding capacity and distortion. The main approach for this algorithm is based on pixel intensity difference

Dielectric spectroscopy and hydrogen bonding studies of 1-chloropropane–ethanol mixture using TDR technique

The time-domain reflectometry technique was exercised to assess the complex permittivities of 1-chloropropane and ethanol along with their binary mixture in the frequency range of 10MHz–50GHz and in the temperature range of 10–25∘C. Dielectric parameters like static dielectric permittivity (ε0) and relaxation time (τ) have been acquired by the least-square-fit method. The obtained assessments of static permittivity and relaxation time were used to compute various dielectric parameters like excess dielectric constant, excess relaxation time, Kirkwood correlation factor and thermodynamic parameters. The experimental outcome illustrates the nonlinear variations in dielectric permittivity, relaxation time and authenticates the structural formation due to intermolecular interaction between 1-chloropropane and ethanol. Molecular rotary motion and dipole reorientation movements of these complex systems are presented in agreement with the molar entropy and enthalpy

Conserved nature of Helicoverpa armigera gut bacterial flora on different host plants and in vitro interactions with PI proteins advocates role in host digestive physiology

Helicoverpa armigera is anxious insect pest of agricultural crops. Array of defensive molecules in host plants and extensive use of chemical insecticides are unable to cease the attack incidences. Gut bacterial communities are found to contribute in various physiological activities in most of the arthropods. In the current study the bacterial communities were isolated from gut of H. armigera feeding on three host plants (Pigeonpea, Chickpea and Cotton) by culture dependent and culture independent methods. Predominant bacterial communities were identified by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). Three dominant phylotypes namely proteobacteria, actinobacteria and firmicutes were identified by TRFLP and found to conserve on different host plant selected. Five Bacillus species namely Bacillus sp. JR14, Bacillus sp. YP1, Bacillus safensis CG1, Bacillus subtillis KAVK2 and Bacillus megaterium 47N were purified by culture dependent method and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Among all identified Bacillus, Bacillus sp. YP1 strain was found to be potent protease producer as assisted by dot-blot assay and in vitro solution assays. The in vitro interactions of these proteases with host plant PIs were studied by reverse zymography and gel X-ray contact print (GXCP) analysis. Reduction in activity of PIs and degradation pattern of PI bands on gels in presence of trypsin and protease extract of Bacillus sp. YP1 indicates inactivation of PIs. Thus, conserved nature and in vitro response to PI proteins advocates role of gut bacterial flora in H. armigera digestive physiology. Keywords: H. armigera, Gut bacterial proteases, Host plant defense, PIs, TRFL

Coverage & missed opportunity for Japanese encephalitis vaccine, Gorakhpur division, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2015: Implications for Japanese encephalitis control

Background & objectives: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an important aetiology of acute encephalitis syndrome in Gorakhpur division, Uttar Pradesh, India. Two doses of JE vaccine ( first during 9-12 months and second during 16-24 months of age) are administered under the Universal Immunization Programme. We conducted surveys to estimate the coverage of JE vaccine and magnitude of missed opportunity for vaccination (MoV) for JE in Gorakhpur division. Methods: To estimate the JE vaccine coverage, cluster surveys were conducted in four districts of Gorakhpur division by selecting 30 clusters by probability proportional to size method in each district, seven children aged 25-36 months were selected from each cluster and their mothers were interviewed about JE vaccination. To estimate the magnitude of MoV, exit surveys were conducted in vaccination clinics in selected health facilities, mothers were interviewed about the vaccination status of their children and vaccines administered to the child on the day of interview. Results: A total of 840 children were surveyed, 210 from each district. The coverages of one and two doses of JE vaccine in Gorakhpur division were 75 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI): 71.0-78.9] and 42.3 per cent (95% CI: 37.8-46.8), respectively. Facility-based exit survey indicated that 32.7 per cent of the eligible children missed JE vaccine. Interpretation & conclusions: The survey results showed that three of the four children aged 25-36 months in Gorakhpur division had received at least one dose of JE vaccine. The coverage of second dose of JE vaccine, however, was low. Failure to administer vaccination simultaneously was the most common reason for MoV for JE vaccine. Training vaccinators about correct vaccination schedule and removing their misconception about administering vaccines simultaneously would substantially improve JE vaccine coverage in Gorakhpur

A facile synthesis and characterization of some novel benzimidazole derivatives

We successfully synthesized a series of novel benzimidazole derivatives with high yields in our current research study. The synthesis procedure involved condensing Ethyl 3-[[3-amino-4-(treiethylamino) benzoyl] (pyridine-5-yl) amino]-propanoate with various aromatic carboxylic acids, using EDC.HCl and a small amount of DMAP as catalysts. The resulting compounds underwent cyclization through coupling in the presence of acetic acid under reflux conditions. Notably, both the coupling and cyclization reactions were efficiently achieved, with the former occurring at room temperature and the latter at reflux temperature. Our synthesis method is both environmentally friendly and cost-effective. To characterize the synthesized compounds, we employed modern spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. The compound 4i shown the most potent in vitro anticancer activity. The compound 4e and 4f were also found to have good in vitro anticancer activity compared to other synthesized compounds. The result of in vitro anticancer activity says that the combination of pyridine, benzimidazole and thiophene ring best apposite for the development of novel anticancer agent. The other derivatives have also shown good activity such as compounds 4b, 4c, 4 h and 4j with electron withdrawing group on phenyl ring