Conflict management strategies in coping with students’ disruptive behaviors in the classroom: Systematized review

Introduction: Classroom management is leading the class by setting the class schedule, organizing the procedures, supervising the learners’ progress, and predicting and solving their problems. Students’ disruptive behaviors and classroom management are the most important challenges and concerns of the teachers. The current review aimed to analyze the classroom management techniques and strategies used to cope with the students’ disruptive behaviors. Methods: The present study was systematic review. The articles in Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus databases and Google Scholar search engine were searched using the keywords of classroom management, students’ disruptive behaviors, difficult students, and confrontation strategies during 2000-2017. A total of 31 articles were included in the study for analysis. Results: The results showed all the techniques and strategies used and teachers’ challenges in dealing with students’ disruptive behaviors were included in conflict management strategies, which were classified into three categories, i.e. cooperative and problem solving strategies, avoidance strategies and punishment strategies. Moreover, the studies mostly emphasized the use of cooperative and problem solving strategies, and the most highlighted methods were making effective mutual communication with students to correct their negative behavior, training and preparing the teachers for dealing with the students’ disruptive behaviors and using various teaching methods and approaches based on the classroom situation. Conclusion: To cope with the challenges of students’ disruptive behaviors, the teachers can use different strategies. Also, sufficient knowledge and skills about teaching, familiarity with the relevant and influential disciplines in dealing with students and making effective communication in the class can be helpful in developing and enjoying more effective skills in classroom management

Effect of chamomile on the complications of cancer : A systematic review

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Development and validation of the care challenge scale in family caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease

BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and debilitating disorder that strongly affects people with AD and their families. The changes in signs of the disease and its treatment lead to many challenges in people with AD that affect the performance and the ability of caregivers, their social life, and physical, emotional, and psychological aspects of caregivers' health. Therefore, this study was designed to develop and validate the Care Challenge Scale (CCS) for family caregivers of people with AD in the care context of Iran.MethodThis is a cross-sectional study, and the primary scale was based on 14 semi-structured interviews with family caregivers of Iranian people with AD. In the next phase, the psychometric features were assessed, including the face validity (qualitative and quantitative), content validity (qualitative and quantitative), item analysis, structural validity (exploratory and confirmatory factors), and construct validity (convergent and discriminant validity). Finally, the reliability was assessed using internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega coefficient, and the average inter-item correlation), stability (intraclass correlation coefficient), and absolute reliability.ResultsTotally, 435 Iranian family caregivers filled out online questionnaires, with a mean age of 50.26(±13.24) years. Based on the results of the qualitative phase, an item pool was generated with 389 items, and after deleting overlapping and unrelated items, the CCS with 14 items was created. The results of the quantitative phase showed that the CCS consists of two factors with 10 items each, which are named effective role-play challenge and lack of social–financial support, and they explained 42.23% of the total variance. Furthermore, the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fitness of the scale structure model, and it had convergent and discriminant validity. The reliability indexes showed this scale has internal consistency and stability.ConclusionThe most care challenge among Iranian family caregivers of people with AD is effective role-play challenges and lack of social–financial support. The scale as designed has good validity, internal consistency, and stability that can be used by therapists, nurses, and researchers for the assessment of the challenges of this population

Design and psychometric evaluation of epilepsy-related apathy scale (E-RAS) in adults with epilepsy: a sequential exploratory mixed methods design

Background: Apathy in patients with epilepsy is associated with a wide range of consequences that reduce the patient�s ability to perform social functions and participate in self-care and rehabilitation programs. Therefore, apathy is one of the important diagnoses of the healthcare team in the process of caring for epileptic patients and its dimensions need to be examined and recognized. Therefore, appropriate instruments with the sociocultural milieu of each community should be provided to health care providers. The aim of the present study was to design and measure epilepsy�related apathy scale (E-RAS) in adults with epilepsy. Methods: This study of sequential exploratory mixed methods design was conducted in Iran from April 2019 to December 2019. In the Item generation stage, two inductive (face-to-face and semi-structured interviews with 17 adult epileptic patients) and deductive (literature review) were used. In item reduction, integration of qualitative and literature reviews and scale evaluation were accomplished. For Scale Evaluation, face, content, construct exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (n = 360) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (n = 200), convergent and divergent Validity and reliability (internal consistency and stability) were investigated. Results: The results of EFA showed that E-RAS has four factors, namely, motivation; self-regulatory; cognition and emotional-effective. These four latent factors accounted for a total of 48.351% of the total variance in the E-RAS construct. The results of CFA showed that the 4-factor model of E-RAS has the highest fit with the data. The results of convergent and divergent validity showed that the values of composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) for the four factors were greater than 0.7 and 0.5, respectively, and the value of AVE for each factor was greater than CR. The Cronbach�s alpha coefficient for the whole scale was obtained 0.815. The results of the test-retest showed that there was a significant agreement between the test and retest scores (P < 0.001). Conclusion: E-RAS is a multidimensional construct consisting of 24 items, and has acceptable validity and reliability for the study of epilepsy-related apathy in adult epileptic patients

Effect of problem-focused coping strategies on the quality of life in family caregivers of hemodialysis patients

Introduction: Family caregivers of hemodialysis patients faced with multiple problems in the fieldes of care and treatment which lead to the reducing their life quality. However, so far no intervention found for improving their life quality. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies on the quality of life in family caregivers of hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: This study is a randomized controlled clinical trial &shy;that was conducted on caregivers of hemodialysis patients referred to Shahid Hasheminejad hospital in Tehran, 2015. The caregivers were allocated into intervention and control groups, randomly. &shy;The intervention group received four training sessions on problem-focused coping strategies during two weeks. The data was collected using the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire before and after intervention. Results: The results showed that the quality of life in the intervention group increased at the end of study and significant difference was found between the mean scores of life quality of the intervention group, before and after&shy; the intervention (45.95&plusmn;14.94 vs.&shy;63.51 &plusmn; 11.55, P <0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the mean scores of life quality of the control group before and after intervention (45.08 &plusmn; 11.02 vs. 41.74&plusmn;10.51, P= 0/039). Conclusion:&nbsp; Problem-focused coping skills can improve the life quality in caregivers of hemodialysis patient's .Therefore, it is recommended to the health system menager to encourage their staffs to provide coping skills training

Perspectives of Nurses on Organizational Culture

Background &amp; Objective: Hospitals and healthcare centers, like any other organizations, have some common norms and beliefs called as organizational culture. Organizational culture plays a key role in organization's and staffs' performances. Nurses' perspectives on the organizational culture affect the way they play their role in. This study aimed to investigate the role of organizational culture from perspectives of nurses working in selected hospitals at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Methods &amp; Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 230 nurses working in different wards of selected hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were recruited to the study. Data were collected using a demographic characteristics checklist as well as the nurse and organizational culture questionnaire extracted from the Robbins criteria. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical indexes, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression in the SPSS v.17. Results: Results showed that the existing organizational culture in the selected hospitals was in a moderately good level from nurses' perspectives. From the scores obtained for various dimensions of the organizational culture, the highest and lowest scores were for control (44.2%) and conflict tolerance (31.8%), respectively. Conclusion: The level of the organizational culture from the nurses' perspectives might lead them to decrease the quality of their performance. Optimizing the organizational culture can improve nurses' performance and motivate them to increase their quality of work. &nbsp

“Attempting to protect self and patient”: A grounded theory study of error recovery by intensive care nurses

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to explore the process of error recovery (ER) by nurses in intensive care unit (ICU). Design This qualitative study was conducted in 2018–2020 using the grounded theory methodology. Methods Participants were 20 staff nurses, head nurses and nursing managers recruited from the ICUs. Sampling was started purposively and continued theoretically. Data were collected using semi‐structured interviews and were analysed using the approach proposed by Corbin and Strauss. Results The findings indicated that nurses' primary concern was for the patient and their own personal/professional identity. Five strategies were found including evaluating situation, identifying error, analysing error and situation, determining the agent for error correction, and reducing error effects. Contextual factors were also highlighted as being important in the error recovery. “Attempting to protect self and patient” was the core category of the study. Nurses' concern about protecting patient life and their own personal/professional identity make them use unprofessional approaches for ER

The Impact of Men's Participation on Spouse Gestational Diabetes Care on Adherence treatment by Women

Background: Women with gestational diabetes are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Men's participation during pregnancy plays a vital role in the safety of pregnant mothers by ensuring access to care and the provision of financial and emotional support. This study was to determine the effect of education based on spouses' participation in adherence treatment in women with gestational diabetes. Methods: This study was a non-randomized clinical trial study on 80 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (40 in the control group and 40 in the intervention group) in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. The control group received routine care and training. In addition to the usual training, the experimental group received caring training in gestational diabetes with their spouses. The diabetic activity treatment adherence questionnaire was completed by both groups before and 5 weeks after the intervention. Statistic significant was set at 0.05. Results: The results showed that in the post-intervention phase, the adherence score of treatment was not statistically significant compared to the control group. Conclusions: Due to the fact that education based on the participation of spouses has not been effective on adherence treatment of women with gestational diabetes, the lack of effect of educational intervention in the present study requires further study. On the other hand, the need to repeat this research in societies is felt with poor adherence treatment. Keywords: Gestational diabetes, Adherence treatment, Spouse participation, Education