Connectedness of Bowditch Boundary of Dehn Fillings

We study Dehn fillings of relatively hyperbolic group pairs $(\Gamma, \P)$ and the persistence of connectedness of Bowditch boundary in sufficiently long Dehn fillings. We show that the restriction of peripheral subgroups to virtually polycyclic subgroups is not needed.Comment: 9 page

Local Connectedness of Bowditch Boundary of Relatively Hyperbolic Groups

If the Bowditch boundary of a finitely generated relatively hyperbolic group is connected, then, we show that it is locally connected. Bowditch showed that this is true provided the peripheral subgroups obey certain tameness condition. In this paper, we show that these tameness conditions are not necessary

Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationAdenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs) deaminate adenosines in doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) to produce inosines. The extent an adenosine is edited depends on the sequence context of the target adenosine. Human ADAR2 (hADAR2) has a 5' nearest neighbor preference of U>A>C>G and a 3' preference of G>C>U«A, but it is not known which amino acids mediate these preferences. Previous studies show that preferences are derived mainly from the catalytic domain. Thus, we adapted a previously reported screen in yeast to identify mutations in the hADAR2 catalytic domain that allow editing of an adenosine in context of a disfavored triplet, GAC. A favored triplet, UAG, was used as the positive control. Hairpin substrates containing disfavored GAC and favored UAG were based on the R/G editing site of GRIA2 (glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 2) pre-mRNA, a well-studied endogenous substrate for hADAR2. Four mutants that edited GAC more than WT hADAR2 (E488Q, V493T, N597K and N613K) and one mutant that did not edit GAC (T490A) were further characterized by determining their binding affinity, catalytic rate, base-flipping and preferences to understand the effect of these mutations on ADAR reactivity. Gel-shift assays showed two mutants, N597K and N613K, had ~2-fold higher binding affinity compared to WT hADAR2, suggesting these mutants may have been selected in the screen due to tighter binding. Other mutants E488Q, T490A and V493T, which are on a highly conserved loop close to the active site, showed similar binding affinity as WT hADAR2 for both UAG and GAC, indicating discrimination was not derived from differences in binding affinity. We also determined catalytic rates, and probed base-flipping by substituting the target adenosine with the fluorescent base analog 2-aminopurine (2-AP). Remarkably, with both UAG and GAC substrates, mutants with similar binding affinity showed a correlation between catalytic rate and base-flipping, as indicated by a change in 2-AP fluorescence intensity (FI). Our data provide the first information on the residues important for preferences, and point to a conserved loop as key. Unexpectedly, our data suggest that hADAR2's preferences are derived from differences in base-flipping, rather than direct recognition of the neighboring base

TAFSIR HURUF BA’ DALAM BASMALAH; PENDEKATAN TAFSIR ISYARI NAJMUDDIN AL-KUBRA

The Koran is not just a reading for Muslims, but should be a guide for all mankind. To use the Koran as a guide, a correct understanding is required through proper interpretation of the Koran. One of the interpretive approaches that tries to reveal the interpretation of the Koran is the interpretation carried out by the great Sufis, also known as the Isyari tafsir. Isyari interpretation has a unique approach but does not contradict the meaning of the birth of a verse in the Koran. This article aims to explore the interpretation presented by Shaykh Najmuddin al-Kubra with the isyari interpretation approach to the letter Ba’ in surah al-Fatihah. The interpretation of the letter Ba’ which he presented provides a profound message framed by ethical teachings to Allah and His creatures

Localization of FAM171B mRNA Expression In Mouse Brain Using In-Situ Hybridization

Proteins containing polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts within their primary amino acid sequence are particularly interesting because expansion mutation within them has been shown to underlie a growing list of severe neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington\u27s Disease and several types of Spinocerebellar Ataxias. FAM171B is a novel polyQ protein that was originally identified via large scale sequencing efforts. However, to date, very little is known regarding its normal cellular function and expression pattern. In this study, in situ hybridization was utilized to assess whether FAM171B is expressed in developing (postnatal days 7, 21, 42) and adult mouse brains. The results of the experiments performed suggest that FAM171B is indeed expressed in the brain, with pronounced expression in the hippocampus, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. Given these findings, FAM171B should be considered a candidate gene for exploration of molecularly uncharacterized neurodegenerative diseases

Effects of glucosamine versus chondroitin sulfate in reducing joint space narrowing in knee osteoarthritis

Objective: To determine if over the counter supplements, chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine, in combination or alone, are effective in the treatment of joint space narrowing (JSN) in knee osteoarthritis. Design: Systematic Literature Review Methods: Database search of PubMed and MEDLINE using the search terms “glucosamine”, “chondroitin sulfate”, “osteoarthritis”, and joint space narrowing. Filters were implemented to include articles that only dealt with human subjects, that were published in 2000 or later, and were full-text. Articles were excluded if they were cohort studies, reviews, non-English papers, or had pain as the only outcome. Results: Sawitzke et al.primary outcomes revealed no overall significant difference between mean JSW loss over a two-year period between treatment and placebo groups. Secondary outcomes showed no significant likelihood of radiographic progression with treatment groups versus placebo. Fransen et al.observed a significant decrease in JSN in 2 years with glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate combined but there was no statistical significant in JSN with glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate alone as compared to placebo. There was also a small reduction in knee pain observed versus placebo. The meta-analysis by Lee et. alobserved those studies in which there was a small protective effect on minimum JSN with glucosamine and chondroitin individually after two years but there was no statistical significance seen at one year. Conclusion: Overall, studies showed that chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine, and especially the combination of the two, do have a small protective effect depending on the severity of knee osteoarthritis, the number of years the supplement is utilized, and the drug dosage

FENOMENA SAMPURAGA PERSFEKTIF MASYARAKAT DESA SIRAMBAS KABUPATEN MANDAILING NATAL

Every religious teaching and any dogma to do good or to be devoted to both parents is a teaching obligation for every child, How many incidents of children disobeying their parents, God quickly cursed this despicable act. The Sampuraga phenomenon is found in Sirambas Village which tells the story of a child who is disobedient to his mother. His treatment of not acknowledging his biological mother and ordering the ulubalang to drag and expel his pregnant mother until her clothes tore into a problem point in this study. The formulation of the problem in this study is the view of the people of Sirambas Village on the Sampuraga phenomenon. And the effectiveness of the Sampuraga phenomenon in realizing the noble character of the Millennial Generation. This problem is studied through field research methods with a phenomenological approach. And use interaction theory. The data collection techniques in this study using interview and documentation techniques. The results of this study found that some of the people of Sirambas Village, Panyabungan Barat District, believed that the phenomenon of the hot springs of Sampuraga was the incarnation of Sampuraga who was disobedient to his mother. this is illustrated when Sampuraga does not recognize his biological mother. Even ordered the ulubalang to expel the mother.some people think the story is just a folk tale. The people of Sirambas Village agree that there is a positive influence from the Sampuraga phenomenon to realize the noble character of children. There are moral and religious messages contained in the Sampuraga phenomenon that can be used as learning media in realizing noble character in children

Pemahaman Aqidah Islam di Kalangan Kaum Milenial di Desa Percut Kec. Percut Sei Tuan

Percut Village is one of the villages in the Percut Sei Tuan sub-district, Deli Serdang Regency with an area of 1,063 hectares. When progress is considered a mecca for millennials. Millennials do not understand the values of teachings in Islam resulting in them falling into deviant teachings and not in accordance with what Islam teaches so that the millennial aqeedah declines. Looking at the condition of the reduced millennial Muslims themselves, it can be easily interpreted that the reduced Millennial Muslims are Muslims who were born in the midst of the times and in the midst of globalization. The questions in this study; 1) How is the understanding of Islamic aqidah among millennials in Percut village?; 2) What are the efforts to strengthen Islamic aqidah in Percut village?. The government of Percut Village, Percut Sei Tuan District will not miss to give great attention to all its citizens, especially millennials in order to maintain their faith/faith values. -religious institutions in fostering generations (teenagers) through religion

Change Is in the Air: The Hypoxic Induction of Phenotype Switching in Melanoma

Melanoma cells can switch from a highly proliferative, less invasive state to a highly invasive, less proliferative state, a phenomenon termed phenotype switching. This results in a highly heterogenous tumor, where a slow-growing, aggressive population of cells may resist tumor therapy, and it predicts tumor recurrence. Here we discuss the observation made by Widmer et al. that hypoxia may drive phenotype switching