Ambulatory tuberculosis treatment in post-Semashko health care systems needs supportive financing mechanisms

The tuberculosis (TB) control strategy in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, is being changed to decentralised out-patient care for most TB patients by the Government of Uzbekistan, in collaboration with the international medical humanitarian organisation Médecins Sans Frontières. Ambulatory treatment of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB from the first day of treatment has been recommended since 2011. Out-patient treatment of TB from the beginning of treatment was previously prohibited. However, the current Uzbek health financing system, which evolved from the Soviet Semashko model, offers incentives that work against the adoption of ambulatory TB treatment. Based on the 'Comprehensive TB Care for All' programme implemented in Karakalpakstan, we describe how existing policies for the allocation of health funds complicate the scale-up of ambulatory-based management of TB

Petroleum-Collecting And Dispersing Chemicals For Cleaning Sea Surface From Thin Petroleum Slicks

Monoethylolamide, diethylolamide and triethanolamine ester synthesized by us based on fish oil and their phosphate derivatives being surface-active and ecologically safe possess a high capacity of petroleum collecting and dispersing. When introducing phosphate group, a tendency to replacement of petroleum slick dispersing by its collection (accumulation into a spot) is observed. Efficiency of the chemicals change depends on the type and concentration of ions in the water. Such salts as NaCl, KI, KBr, and MgSO4 positively influence petroleum-collecting activity whereas K2CO3 and NaHCO3 cause petroleum dispersing

Eventual role of myocardial muscular «bridges» in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome

Aim of the study was to investigate the role of myocardial muscular «bridges» (MMB) in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Material and methods. The study comprised of 27 patents with ACS: 21 (77,8 %) with diagnosed unstable angina pectoris (UA) and 6 (22,2 %) with acute anterior myocardial infarction with ST elevation (STEMI). Results. All patients with STEMI had positive qualitative troponin test. The serum level of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was 857.7 ± 495.5 U/l, the CPK MB level was 46.5 ± 42.4 U/l. The patients’ age varied from 32 to 68 years (on average, 52.4 ± 4.6 years). Selective coronary angiography (CAG) revealed systolic functional obstruction of the LAD with vessel’s lumen recovery to the norm during diastole in all 27 patients, which is typical for MMB. In all cases with UA, the clinical aggravation was associated with ECG signs of transitory or permanent myocardial hypoxia in the territory supplied by the LAD, while the patients with STEMI had ECG, biochemical and EchoCG signs of myocardial damage and kinetics disturbances in the left ventricular areas supplied by the LAD. All patients underwent intravascular instrumental investigation. During in-hospital stage all patients received conservative therapy including β-adrenergic receptors or CA-channels blockers; ACE inhibitors; disaggregants. Upon 12 months all patients underwent repeated outpatient examination. In all cases, the conducted therapy resulted in the improvement of the patients’ condition. Conclusion. This study allows concluding that MMB play an essential role in the pathogenesis of ACS, including STEMI

Extreme methods of localizing a noise source using a network of distributed sensors

Wireless networks of distributed sensors are used to study natural resources, track various targets, monitor hard-to-reach areas, etc. Unattended sensors are randomly distributed on the territory using various technical means. The research aims to develop an extreme method for localizing a noise source. The developed method is based on the proposed principle of extreme localization of a noise source using a network of distributed fixed receivers. The following varieties of the proposed principle are considered: an extreme method of localizing a noise signal source using a network of distributed tunable sensors; a method of selecting wavelengths by the distance between the transmitter and receiver. The mathematical substantiation of the methods using the mathematical procedure of unconditional variational optimization is given. The algorithms for the implementation of the proposed methods are compiled

The prevalence of rabies cases in the territory of Azerbaijan, January 2015-June 2016

Objectiveto show the instability of an epizootic situation on rabies casesof animals in the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the example of thecases analysis in Electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance System(EIDSS) electronic reporting systemIntroductionRabies is an infectious disease which was and remains to be oneof the most serious diseases of all species of hematothermal animalsand humans, in many regions of the world. The epizootic situation onrabies in the Republic of Azerbaijan has been unfavorable for manyyears, which is confirmed by scientific data and the veterinary casesreporting in the EIDSS system. This system was introduced in thecountry in 2009 and is the electronic System of disease control. Theprogram allows to provide monitoring and prevention of diseaseswithin the concept “One World - One Health System” by integrationof systems of observation of animal diseases, human diseases, anddisease carriers.MethodsOn the basis of the data on rabies cases entered in special formsand also aggregative data collected on anti-rabies vaccination, theanalysis of information on quantity of cases and their prevalence onadministrative and territorial units (rayons) of the country is carriedout. The graphical analysis (charts and the map) on the basis ofnecessary criteria are constituted in the analyses module, visualizationof the AVR reporting and in the Microsoft Excel program.ResultsThe analysis of the rabies cases confirmed at the Virologydepartment of the Republican Veterinary Laboratory shows thatrabies has been identified in 36 cases in 2015, 25 cases in January- June, 2016, in total 61 cases has been registered for the periodof “January 2015 – June 2016”. An epizootologically unfavorablesituation is revealed in 27 regions. The most unfavorable situation isthe northwest regions of the country, the most part of which is coveredwith mountainy-forest area with domination of wild fauna. Specificstructure of animals: dogs – 31 cases in 19 areas (51%), cattle – 21cases in 12 areas (34%), a small cattle-1 case (2%), wild animals(specify types) - 8 cases in 8 areas (13%) that is visually shown oncharts 1 and 2. The cattle were bitten by wolves and jackals.ConclusionsThus, prevalence of rabies cases of different species of animalsin the country, once again proves natural and focal character of thedisease: the reservoir of rabies is in the wild nature and geographicalconditions impact the spread of rabies.Cases of rabies in animals are registered annually. In 2015,vaccination captured about 250000 dogs, and 244400 dogs werevaccinated in the first 6 months of 2016. Despite a huge group ofvaccinations, restriction of rabies spread isn’t observed and thetendency is trending to the increase of rabies case indicators amongstthe dogs.It is necessary to pay close attention to preventive vaccination ofdomestic (including non-productive) animals. If materiel resourcesare available, it is possible to carry out the vaccination of the cattlein the territories adjacent to the forests. In the threatened territorieswith woodlands, there is no alternative to oral vaccinations, whichis confirmed by positive experience of many countries. There is anextreme need of carrying out of oral vaccination of wild carnivorousanimals with obligatory control of the immune status

The prevalence of rabies cases in the territory of Azerbaijan, January 2015-June 2016

Objectiveto show the instability of an epizootic situation on rabies casesof animals in the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the example of thecases analysis in Electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance System(EIDSS) electronic reporting systemIntroductionRabies is an infectious disease which was and remains to be oneof the most serious diseases of all species of hematothermal animalsand humans, in many regions of the world. The epizootic situation onrabies in the Republic of Azerbaijan has been unfavorable for manyyears, which is confirmed by scientific data and the veterinary casesreporting in the EIDSS system. This system was introduced in thecountry in 2009 and is the electronic System of disease control. Theprogram allows to provide monitoring and prevention of diseaseswithin the concept “One World - One Health System” by integrationof systems of observation of animal diseases, human diseases, anddisease carriers.MethodsOn the basis of the data on rabies cases entered in special formsand also aggregative data collected on anti-rabies vaccination, theanalysis of information on quantity of cases and their prevalence onadministrative and territorial units (rayons) of the country is carriedout. The graphical analysis (charts and the map) on the basis ofnecessary criteria are constituted in the analyses module, visualizationof the AVR reporting and in the Microsoft Excel program.ResultsThe analysis of the rabies cases confirmed at the Virologydepartment of the Republican Veterinary Laboratory shows thatrabies has been identified in 36 cases in 2015, 25 cases in January- June, 2016, in total 61 cases has been registered for the periodof “January 2015 – June 2016”. An epizootologically unfavorablesituation is revealed in 27 regions. The most unfavorable situation isthe northwest regions of the country, the most part of which is coveredwith mountainy-forest area with domination of wild fauna. Specificstructure of animals: dogs – 31 cases in 19 areas (51%), cattle – 21cases in 12 areas (34%), a small cattle-1 case (2%), wild animals(specify types) - 8 cases in 8 areas (13%) that is visually shown oncharts 1 and 2. The cattle were bitten by wolves and jackals.ConclusionsThus, prevalence of rabies cases of different species of animalsin the country, once again proves natural and focal character of thedisease: the reservoir of rabies is in the wild nature and geographicalconditions impact the spread of rabies.Cases of rabies in animals are registered annually. In 2015,vaccination captured about 250000 dogs, and 244400 dogs werevaccinated in the first 6 months of 2016. Despite a huge group ofvaccinations, restriction of rabies spread isn’t observed and thetendency is trending to the increase of rabies case indicators amongstthe dogs.It is necessary to pay close attention to preventive vaccination ofdomestic (including non-productive) animals. If materiel resourcesare available, it is possible to carry out the vaccination of the cattlein the territories adjacent to the forests. In the threatened territorieswith woodlands, there is no alternative to oral vaccinations, whichis confirmed by positive experience of many countries. There is anextreme need of carrying out of oral vaccination of wild carnivorousanimals with obligatory control of the immune status