Transmission of vibration from motorcycle handlebar to the hand

Vibration transmitted to the hand from motorcycle handlebar can cause discomfort and health issues to the motorcycle rider. The objective of this paper was to investigate the severity of vibration transmitted to the hand from motorcycle handlebar. The engine capacity of the motorcycle was 100cc. Vibration was recorded at the motorcycle handlebar at two engine speeds representing the speed of 10km/h and 20km/h. The total magnitudes of vibrations (weighted Wh) transmitted to the hand from motorcycle handlebar were between 2 and 6.42m/s2. Increasing the speed of the motorcycle engine decreased the vibration magnitude transmitted to the hand. The level of vibration exposure can be greater than the Daily Action Limit Value set by the European Directive 2002/44/EC if the motorcycle is used for more than 4.15 hours per day at the speed of 10km/h

Compression behaviour of bio-inspired honeycomb reinforced starfish shape structures using 3D printing technology

The bio-inspired structure (e.g., honeycomb) has been studied for its ability to absorb energy and its high strength. The cell size and wall thickness are the main elements that alter the structural ability to withstand load and pressure. Moreover, adding a secondary structure can increase the compressive strength and energy absorption (EA) capability. In this study, the bio-inspired structures are fabricated by fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology using polylactic acid (PLA) material. Samples are printed in the shape of a honeycomb structure, and a starfish shape is used as its reinforcement. Hence, this study focuses on the compression strength and EA of different cell sizes of 20 and 30 mm with different wall thicknesses ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 mm. Subsequently, the deformation and failure of the structures are determined under the compression loading. It is found that the smaller cell size with smaller wall thickness offered a crush efficiency of 69% as compared to their larger cell size with thicker wall thickness counterparts. It is observed that for a 20 mm cell size, the EA and maximum peak load increase, respectively, when the wall thickness increases. It can be concluded that the compression strength and EA capability increase gradually as the cell size and wall thickness increase

International regulation of vehicle emissions control rules and its influence on academic engine development experimental study and vehicle manufacturing

In this century, global on-road passenger vehicles raised rapidly with concerns regarding of air pollutions, greenhouse, climate change, economical and human life safety. However, what are the new vehicles emission standards implementation regulation involved? How can new emission regulation impact vehicle performance and environment pollution reductions? What is (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure - WLTP)? How can (WLTP) regulation promote improvement to vehicle quality in reduction of emission to lower level possible and add more performance to the vehicles for open market? What is the real-world on-road (Real world Drive Emission- RDE) test new emission regulation and its demand? Why vehicle manufactures should present both emission level of laboratorial engine emission level and vehicle (RDE) emission level in EU? Presenting an accurate vehicle pollutant determination due to new EU regulation procedure of (WLTP) will help the consumer identifying the regulation cost fee and tax in registration the vehicle. Methodology based on comparative EU regulation assessment and (WLTP) regulation vehicle emission control technologies assessment. The paper focus on viewing, the potential of pollution regulation (WLTP) for vehicle emissions reductions. Provide an outline of the status of the EU vehicle pollution emission regulations information and identify priorities options and recommendations to the introduction of the (WLTP). Offering information gridline data for researchers in future study for the strict pollution regulation adopted by European countries and its impact on future academic study of vehicle emission experimental process in non-applicable countries, contribute the procedure process of (RDE) emission implementation test within (WLTP) to be familiar by researchers for future intended joining the regulatio

Thermal insulation for refrigeration pipe made of polyurethane reinforced coconut husk and rice husk

The abstract should summarize It is well-known that the conductivity coefficient (K-value) of insulator is an important factor for the heat transfer process. Consequently, objective of this research is to investigate the capability of environmentally friendly thermal insulation based on natural fibre for refrigeration pipe. Here, coconut husk and rice husk are used as the reinforcement and using a mixing ratio of 1:1. Then, fibers are mixed into the flexible foam at a weight percentage anywhere from 5 to 25. The samples are tested in terms of their thermal conductivity. It is observed that the results show acceptable value for the thermal conductivity coefficient, which is between 0.037 and 0.045 Wm−1 K−1. Closer examination found that the conductivity coefficient value is increasing as the fibre content increased. The lowest value of t conductivity coefficient is obtained at 0.037 Wm−1 K−1 for the sample with 5wt and 0.039 Wm−1 K−1 for the sample with 10wt. Thus, these results are within the range of conventional thermal conductivity coefficients

Nano gas bubbles dissolve in gasoline fuel and its influence on engine combustion performance

Nowadays, the issues of air pollution and global warming have become serious as the atmosphere contaminated with harmful gases from human daily life use of vehicles and industrial manufacturing process, leading to global warming and greenhouse effect. These had emphasised the need for better engines with higher performance and less emission level towards non-harmful and friendly environmental vehicle axillary. There are various techniques and methods used for such purposes. For instance, the nano gas dissolve technique can be used for fuel enhancement through a better combustion reaction by adding more oxidant gases molecular into combustion reaction. Dissolved gases can improve engine combustion performance for reducing the levels of harmful gas emission. The property of small nano particles helps to join or mix or transport interfacial within large molecules of fuels to mix up together and form new combination, introducing different chemical properties. Thus, this paper introduces a pre-design concept for fuel enhancement technique by dissolving nano gases such as air or oxygen into the gasoline fuel, taking advantage of hammer shock phenomena in fluid flow. It presents a case study for understanding combustion influence through use of gas dissolve technique with theoretical calculation validating the condition. The validating results obtained from the theoretical calculation and chemical theoretical results reactions theoretically expressed significant development in combustion mixture. Such technology can provide better fuel improvement for future recommended work by direct integration of the nano bubble generator hardware mobile size device on the fuel supply line

Application of input shaping control strategy for reducing chatter noise in the automotive wiper system

Chatter is one of the unwanted noises generated during wiper operation. It is a low frequency and selfexcited vibration that is often generated before and after the wiper reverses direction. This leads to poor visibility and an annoying sound to the driver and passengers. This paper intends to propose a control technique that is capable of reducing chatter noise and vibration in the automotive windshield wiper system. In doing so, an existing two-dimensional mathematical model of a wiper system is adopted. MATLAB Simulink is then used to simulate vibration response of the wiper. The simulated results are then verified by those obtained in the experiment. With the verified model, a control strategy, namely, input shaping is introduced. It is found that input shaping technique can reduce vibration level by approximately 30 percents over the model without control scheme

Implementation of evolutionary optimization techniques in tuning PID parameters for tremor patient active assistive writing device

Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are methods of the Evolutionary Optimization techniques and autonomously tuning method used in this study to tune the parameters of the Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. PID controllers need to be tuned appropriately to establish the good performance of the Active Assistive Writing Device (AAWD). This AAWD device is used to help patients who face difficulties due to hand trembling while writing. The actual hand tremor data while writing was measured by attaching an accelerometer to the device. Based on the simulation results, it has been found that applying PID controller and GA optimization techniques to the assistive device has an enormous potential in helping tremor patients improve their quality of handwriting