Weighted Fair Queuing for AEERG Protocol in MANET

Quality of Service along with routing has been a subject of interest in Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). This paper focused on the implementation of Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) in the Adaptive Energy Efficient Reliable Gossip (AEERG) protocol in MANET and comparison of the performance with other three existing queuing disciplines (FIFO, PQ and RED). Processing can be done by allowing packets in a scheduled manner. Traffic from different flows is subjected to pass through a specific node. When a particular path is selected as shortest path to reach destination for all traffic flows in the adaptive energy efficient algorithm, queue scheduling disciplines have been used to improve the quality of service.  This paper gives the NS-2 simulation results to compare their relative performance based on average end to end delay, Actual packet delivery ratio in percentage and routing overhead for the above queuing techniques

Analytical Model for Improved QoS and Security in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

QoS and Security are necessary features for wide deployment of wireless ad hoc networks. Existing ad hoc networks provide little support for them. In this paper, we have proposed a mathematical model for improving both QoS and Security. We also present a model that takes into account the number of nodes, the Poisson packet arrival process and service process. Here, wireless ad hoc networks are modeled as M/M/1/Q queuing networks and the expressions for the packet loss rate and packet delivery ratio are evaluated. The mean service time of nodes is evaluated and used to obtain the packet delivery ratio. The analytical results are verified by simulations and numerical computations

Characterization of ovarian follicular development and steroid profile during estrous cycle and seasonal anestrous in buffalo

The experiment was conducted to study ovarian follicular population, its diameter, steroid profile (estradiol 17ß and progesterone) and corpus luteum development during estrous cycle and seasonal anestrous in Murrah buffaloes. They were categorized into 2 groups based on the estrus signs i.e. cyclic (6) and anestrous (6) and subjected to ultrasound scanning of ovaries on day 0 (day of estrus in cyclic and day of first scanning in anestrous buffaloes), 6, 10 and 16 using B-mode scanner equipped with 6.0 MHz linear array transducer. Blood samples were collected on the above days for the estimation of the progesterone and estradiol-17ß. The mean number of small follicles on day 0 and 10 and medium follicles on day 10 were significantly higher within as well as between the cyclic and anestrous buffaloes, while mean number of large follicles on day 0, 10 and 16 were significantly higher in the cyclic as compared to anestrous buffaloes. However, mean number of total follicles were significantly higher in cyclic as compared to anestrous buffaloes on all the days of scanning. The maximum diameter of large follicle was observed in cyclic buffaloes on day 0 (1.40±0.49 cm). The diameter of CL increased with its development and reached to its peak on day 10 (1.39±0.04 cm), thereafter, it reduced on day 16 (0.72±0.30 cm) of the cycle. The mean serum progesterone concentration was significantly higher on day 6, 10 and 16 than day 0 of the estrous cycle indicating development of functional corpus luteum, however, mean serum estradiol-17ß concentration was significantly higher on day 0 than the other days of cycle signifying follicular growth and development secreting higher amount of estrogen

Next-Generation Sequencing of Coccidioides immitis Isolated during Cluster Investigation

Next-generation sequencing enables use of whole-genome sequence typing (WGST) as a viable and discriminatory tool for genotyping and molecular epidemiologic analysis. We used WGST to confirm the linkage of a cluster of Coccidioides immitis isolates from 3 patients who received organ transplants from a single donor who later had positive test results for coccidioidomycosis. Isolates from the 3 patients were nearly genetically identical (a total of 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified among them), thereby demonstrating direct descent of the 3 isolates from an original isolate. We used WGST to demonstrate the genotypic relatedness of C. immitis isolates that were also epidemiologically linked. Thus, WGST offers unique benefits to public health for investigation of clusters considered to be linked to a single source

Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Cryptococcus gattii from the Pacific Northwest Reveals Unexpected Diversity

A recent emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in the Pacific Northwest involves strains that fall into three primarily clonal molecular subtypes: VGIIa, VGIIb and VGIIc. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and variable number tandem repeat analysis appear to identify little diversity within these molecular subtypes. Given the apparent expansion of these subtypes into new geographic areas and their ability to cause disease in immunocompetent individuals, differentiation of isolates belonging to these subtypes could be very important from a public health perspective. We used whole genome sequence typing (WGST) to perform fine-scale phylogenetic analysis on 20 C. gattii isolates, 18 of which are from the VGII molecular type largely responsible for the Pacific Northwest emergence. Analysis both including and excluding (289,586 SNPs and 56,845 SNPs, respectively) molecular types VGI and VGIII isolates resulted in phylogenetic reconstructions consistent, for the most part, with MLST analysis but with far greater resolution among isolates. The WGST analysis presented here resulted in identification of over 100 SNPs among eight VGIIc isolates as well as unique genotypes for each of the VGIIa, VGIIb and VGIIc isolates. Similar levels of genetic diversity were found within each of the molecular subtype isolates, despite the fact that the VGIIb clade is thought to have emerged much earlier. The analysis presented here is the first multi-genome WGST study to focus on the C. gattii molecular subtypes involved in the Pacific Northwest emergence and describes the tools that will further our understanding of this emerging pathogen

A Cross Layer Approach to Improve QoS in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Quality of Service is an important parameter in the design of Mobile Ad hoc Networks. Providing Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism at multiple layers in the protocol stack will improve the network performance very much. QoS capable Medium Access Control (MAC) and cross layer design are emerging as potential solutions for QoS in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). To improve the performance of MANETs, the mechanisms of MAC layer and TCP layer have been combined. IEEE 802.11e and IEEE 802.11 MAC mechanisms and TCP Tahoe and TCP Reno are used for analysis. The evaluation of this cross layer approach is performed with simulation using NS2