The Desirability of Forgiveness in Regulatory Enforcement

I present a model that explains two common features of regulatory enforcement: selective forgiveness of noncompliance, and the collection of information on a firm’s compliance activities and not just its compliance status. I show that forgiving noncompliance is optimal if the information on a firm’s compliance activities constitutes sufficiently strong evidence of the firm having exerted a high level of compliance effort. The key benefit of forgiving noncompliance is a reduction in the probability with which the firm needs to be monitored. If fines are costly, a further benefit is a reduction in fine costs.enforcement of regulation, selective enforcement, forgiving noncompliance

Thermal SZ effect in a magnetized IGM dominated by interacting DM decay/annihilation during dark ages

During cosmic dawn, the thermal history of the universe is well studied, and a study of this era can give us some of the most useful insight into the universe before the recombination epoch. Its precise modeling and future high-precision measurements will be a valuable tool for determining the thermal history of the universe. In the present work, we study the thermal and ionization history of IGM in the presence of decaying magnetic fields via ambipolar and turbulent decay, Baryon-Dark matter (BDM) interaction, including the DM decay/annihilation. The BDM interaction cross-sections considered are of the form $\sigma=\sigma_0 v^{n}$, where $n=-2$ and $n=-4$. In this work, we show that in the current scenario, the decay/annihilation of the DM particles have a considerable impact on the temperature and ionization histories at low redshift. With the addition of the concept of fractional interaction, which states that if a fraction of the DM particles interacts with the baryons, the temperature and ionization fraction of the baryons show a strong dependence on the percentage of DM particles interacting with the baryons. We have also studied the interesting consequences of the present scenario on the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (tSZ) effect. We show that the highest value of the absolute value of the mean $y-$parameter in the current DM decay/annihilation scenario is well within the values derived from experimental data such as PLANCK, FIRAS, and PIXIE. Later we calculate the bound on the ordinary magnetic fields originating from the Dark photons.Comment: 16 page, 23 Figures (Comments and suggestions are welcome

A Novel Design to Minimise the Energy Consumption and Node Traversing in Blockchain Over Cloud Using Ensemble Cuckoo Model

The article outlines the Blockchain’s behavioral model for services. Their reliability is proven through the use of experimental evidence. The authors highlight the major technical aspects and characteristics that are associated with the transmission of data through the network. The authors define the scheme for the network, which works with blockchain transactions, and the relationship between network characteristics on parameters used by the application. They examine the use of this model to identification of the blockchain service and also the likelihood of existing security mechanisms that are based on the technology being bypassed. Additionally, the article provides guidelines to conceal the Blockchain's traffic profile to make it more difficult for its detection in the information network. This study offers a thorough analysis of blockchain-based trust models applied to cloud computing. The paper highlights the challenges that remain unsolved and offers suggestions for future studies in the area based on new cloud-edge trust management system and double-blockchain structure, which is a cloud-based transaction model. The paper also identifies the existing challenges and offers suggestions for future studies in the area based on new cloud-edge trust management system and double-blockchain structure, which is a cloud-based transaction model. The flow of the network will be supported by models that are enhanced by cuckoo to frame the perfect network transform of data from one point to cluster, or alternatively

Nano-revolution in heavy metal removal: engineered nanomaterials for cleaner water

Engineered nanomaterials have emerged as a promising technology for water treatment, particularly for removing heavy metals. Their unique physicochemical properties enable them to adsorb large quantities of metals even at low concentrations. This review explores the efficacy of various nanomaterials, including zeolites, polymers, chitosan, metal oxides, and metals, in removing heavy metals from water under different conditions. Functionalization of nanomaterials is a strategy to enhance their separation, stability, and adsorption capacity. Experimental parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, contact time, and ionic strength significantly influence the adsorption process. In comparison, engineered nanomaterials show promise for heavy metal remediation, but several challenges exist, including aggregation, stability, mechanical strength, long-term performance, and scalability. Furthermore, the potential environmental and health impacts of nanomaterials require careful consideration. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges and developing sustainable nanomaterial-based remediation strategies. This will involve interdisciplinary collaboration, adherence to green chemistry principles, and comprehensive risk assessments to ensure the safe and effective deployment of nanomaterials in heavy metal remediation at both lab and large-scale levels

Exploring the untapped potential of naturally occurring antimicrobial compounds: novel advancements in food preservation for enhanced safety and sustainability

Current research trends emphasize the strategic utilization of natural and renewable resources, specifically within food and medicine, focusing on naturally occurring antimicrobial compounds. While growing interest is in extracting secondary metabolites from plants, bacteria, and enzymes, a substantial portion of these naturally derived molecules remains inadequately explored. These antimicrobial agents exhibit heightened safety compared to their synthetic counterparts, posing no health risks to consumers. This presents an opportunity to replace perilous synthetic chemicals within the food sector. Despite the increasing popularity of natural additive sources, there is a potential for adverse effects on product sensory qualities. Therefore, notwithstanding recent advancements, further investigation is imperative to optimize effective quantities for the successful inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms. This article delves into pioneering developments in food preservation, offering contemporary insights into natural preservation solutions, especially for perishable commodities

Pollution or Crime: The Effect of Driving Restrictions on Criminal Activity

Driving restriction programs have been implemented in many cities around the world to alleviate pollution and congestion problems. Enforcement of such programs is costly and can potentially displace policing resources used for crime prevention and crime detection. Hence, driving restrictions may increase crime. To test this hypothesis, this paper exploits both temporal and spatial variation in the implementation of Quito, Ecuador's Pico y Placa program and evaluates its effect on crime. Both difference-in-difference and spatial regression discontinuity estimates provide credible evidence that driving restrictions can increase crime rates. Document type: Articl

INAA of agate sources and artifacts from the Indus, Helmand, and Thailand regions

10 pages.Agate was one of the ancient world’s premier prestigevgoods, especially the red-orange variety known as carnelian. The stone was utilized by and traded between societies from Africa to eastern Asia (Inizan 1993; Insollet al. 2004; Theunissen et al. 2000). In this paper, we present the results of a series of instrumental neutron activation analyses (INAA) of agate samples and artifacts from sources and/or sites in the Indus, Helmand, and Thailand regions. This study represents the beginning of a broad-scale, long-term project aimed at identifying Old World agate sources and the regional and inter-regional trade networks through which this important stone was exchanged in both raw and finished form.The authors wish to thank Drs Richard Meadow and J. Mark Kenoyer – co-directors of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project, for providing us access to the agate artifacts from Harappa and to Dr. Fazal Dad Kakar – Director-General of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan, for allowing us to analyze those artifacts in the United States. In addition, we are deeply grateful to Professor Maurizio Tosi and Dr. Massimo Vidale for supplementing this study with agate fragments from the site of Shahr-i-Sokhta. Thanks also to Dr. Nigel Chang, Dr. Bill Boyd, and Sompong Paekosae. Special thanks to Robert Agasie and Kevin Austin at the University of Wisconsin’s Nuclear Reactor Laboratory. Support for this project was provided by the United States Department of Energy Reactor Sharing Program, the Wenner-Gren Foundation (Gr. 7066), the Bead Society of Greater Chicago, the Ruth Dickie Graduate Women in Science Grants-in-Aid program, and the National Science Foundation (BCS-0327246 & BCS0504015)