Furnace Temperature Control & Calibration of Thermocouple Using Digital Temperature Controller

In industrial applications it is quite essential to maintain and control the temperature of furnaces at certain predetermined Value for the sake of proper functioning of the system. Failing which may lead to loss of huge amount of capital. So this project basically deals with the temperature control of the furnace for which a digital temperature controller has been used which is actually a PID controller. Thermo – emf  generated by the thermocouple acts as an input to the PID controller & the temperature of the furnace is maintained according to the pre-set value by increasing or decreasing the amount of electrical input given to the heater of the furnace. Keywords: PID, controller, furnace, heater, em

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cell wall glycosyltransferases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The human pathogen and aetiological agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a cell wall architecture similar to the non-pathogenic bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum. The availability of their genome sequences has enabled the utilisation of C. glutamicum as a model for the identification and study of essential mycobacterial genes involved in the synthesis of cell wall components such as lipomannan (LM), lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and arabinogalactan (AG). In this study, we have analysed several uncharacterised open reading frames, which encode for putative glycosyltransferases from M. tuberculosis and deleted their respective orthologues in C. glutamicum. Mutant phenotypes were characterised biochemically using, two-dimensional-thin layer chromatography, SDS-Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, gas-chromatograpgy-mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and in vitro enzyme assays. Mutants with altered phenotypes were complemeted with their respective mycobacterial orthologues to characterise their functions. In this thesis we have identified and characterised several putative glycosyltransferases and established their role in M. tuberculosis cell wall biogenesis. One of these ORFs, Rv2174/NCgl2093, was identified to encode for an α(1$\rightarrow$6) mannosyltransferase [MptA] involved in the later stages of the biosynthesis of the α(1$\rightarrow$6) mannan core of LM/LAM, while Rv1459c/NCgl1505 [MptB] was shown to be involved in the early stages of the biosynthesis of the α(1$\rightarrow$6) mannan core of LM/LAM. The disruption of NCgl2106 [Rv2188c] has shown its role in synthesis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol dimannoside (Ac$_1$PIM$_2$) and also sheds further light on the synthesis of a Mannosyl-α-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid-(1$\rightarrow$3)-glycerol (ManGlcAGroAc$_2$) anchored LM (Cg-LM-B). Furthermore, three different glycosyltransferases from C. glutamicum were characterised and on the basis of biochemical analysis of mutants, NCgl2100 and NCgl2097 were identified as α(1→2) mannopyranosyltransferases [MptC and MptD], and NCgl2096 as an α(1→2) arabinofuranosyltransferase [AftE], involved in LM/LAM biosynthesis. Altogether, these studies have shed further light on the complex cell wall biosynthesis in Corynebacterineae and identified several potential new drug targets for tuberculosis.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

PHYTOCHEMIMCAL ANALYSIS OF WRIGHTIA TINCTORIA BARK EXTRACT IN WATER USING GC-MS

Objective: In the present study, phytochemical constituents of crude water extract of Wrightia tinctoria (WT) bark is done using GC-MS technique. Wrightia tinctoria is an important medicinal herb being used in tribal areas of Chhattisgarh since long but chemical constituents of its bark responsible for the activities are still not studied in depth.Methods: Dried bark powder was successively extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol using soxhlet apparatus and lastly material was dissolved in distilled water for 10 hrs for extraction. Water extract was selected for the further analysis using Agilent 7890A GC with 5975MS.Results: As per the GC-MS analysis, twelve different compounds namely benzene 1, 2, 4, 5-tetramethyl (2.85%), benzene 1, 2, 3, 5-tetramethyl (1.16%), 1-decanol, 2, 2-dimethyl (4.38%), phenol 2, 4-bis (1, 1-dimethyl ethyl) (7.78%), heptadecane (3.60%), 3-hexadecanol (3.30%), i-propyl tetradecanol (3.64%), benzo (h) quinoline (3.66%), n-hexadecanoic acid (6.54%), octadecanoic acid methyl ester (0.81%), phytane (1.95%) and pentadecane (2.25%) were characterized. Analysis and identification of presence of the compound in these extracts were done using the database of NIST library.Conclusion: Study confirms the presence of biologically active phyto-constituent in water extract of Wrightia tinctoria bark those may be the key chemical of natural origin in new drugs designing against major disease those are being treated in tribal areas using this plant bark. Further confirmation of in vitro bioactivity using cell line culture is required which is planned as the future prospect of current study.Â

The joy stick technique: an easy, reliable, safe and cost effective, technique in closed reduction and percutaneous fixation of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children

Background: Supra condylar fractures of humerus account for approximately 16% of all pediatric fractures. This produces an extension type fracture in 97–99%. Flexion type accounting for 1-3%. This often causes significant morbidity due to malunion (gun-stock deformity) reported in 12 to 20%, while neurovascular complications and compartment syndrome is documented in worse scenarios.Methods: A prospective study was conducted with 24 cases of supracondylar humerus fracture between June 2017 to June 2021. Both males and females aged 3 years to 12 years, within 5 days of injury, with modified Gartland’s type III and type IV, without compartment syndrome were included and followed up for 6 months to one year. The fracture was closely reduced using a 2-2.5 mm k-wire (joystick) in proximal fragment placed 5-7 cm proximal to fracture line and fixed with multiple percutaneous pinning under C-arm. All the patients were followed for rate of union and functional outcome using Flynn’s criteria.Results: All the 24 cases were managed by closed maneuver with the help of a joy stick. This reduces the surgical time and stress, preventing opening of fracture. Outcome was assessed in each follow up using Flynn’s criteria. 87.5% of patients had good to excellent outcomes.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that good functional outcomes are expected in supracondylar fracture regardless of age at injury, sex, weight, side of extremity provided satisfactory reduction by closed technique with help of joy stick. This simple technique reduces surgical stress, duration of surgery and also minimizes the C-arm exposure

Socio-demographic profile of Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients on second line antiretroviral therapy in a tertiary care centre of North-East India

Background: HIV/ AIDS is one of the major global health issue, resulting an epidemic. Understanding the socio-demographic profile with magnitude of risky behavior might include positive messages in the routine HIV/AIDS care and treatment. Objective of this study was to find out the socio-demographic, behavioural characteristics among patients receiving second line ART (Anti-Retroviral therapy) in a tertiary centre of North-East India.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 90 PLWHA patients receiving second line ART in Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal from March 2016 to August 2017. A predesigned and pretested schedule was used as study tool to collect required information.Results: Majority participants (43.3%) belonged to 30-40 years age group, mean age 39.96±8.021 years; 51.1% were female. Majority (58.9%) got infected with HIV through heterosexual route followed by IV drug use (31.1%). Nearly half (51.1%) were diagnosed with HIV for 11-15 years duration and majority (61.1%) were under 2nd line ART for 6-10 years duration. Here, 3.3% subjects had Hepatitis B and 7.8% were infected with hepatitis C.Conclusions: Young population were most affected group and heterosexual route being the commonest mode of transmission. Combination of socio-demographic, behavioural risk factor and unawareness are responsible for rapid spread of HIV/AIDS. So, people need to be educated for primary and secondary prevention

Bridging the Gap of Skilled Surgeons in Low and Middle Income Countries Using ICT Based Tools : A Case Study in Super-Speciality Training

Introduction: Over the last two decades, advancement of super specialised surgical disciplines has shown improved health outcome, in particular quality and safety. Although medical technology has developed to meet diagnostics and therapeutic needs, there is a scarcity of trained human resources in advanced specialities in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Innovative methods are needed to educate and train people at their workplaces using collaborative technologies and networks. Methods: Over the last 15 years, two general surgeons in Cuttack have been telementored from Lucknow 1,163 km away, using collaborative technologies to develop Endocrine Surgery. This study reviews the last 11 years of the service which includes a clinical decision support system and treatment planning advice using real time videoconferencing. Results: Over the last 11 years, 199 endocrine surgeries per annum were performed with most being thyroid cases as compared with 119 surgeries per annum during the previous five years. Parathyroid and adrenal cases increased significantly during this period (p <0.001). Rates of temporary and permanent vocal cord palsy (1.7% and 0%), hypocalcaemia (5.9% and 1.1%) were comparable with high volume centres. Based on the quantum, safety and quality outcome of endocrine surgery the provincial government has approved creation of a super-speciality department of endocrine surgery in Cuttack. Conclusion: Sustained engagement using telementoring can transfer surgical skills to needy surgeons and enable them to match the expertise of mentors. This model can be replicated in other specialities in a cost effective way to develop specialised human resources for healthcare, in particular in LMICs

Type A4 truncus arteriosus: series of 3 cases focused on dual source multidetector CT angiogram findings

Truncus arteriosus (TA) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly caused by failure of normal conotruncal septation during the fetal development. This aberration leads to a common ventricular outflow artery over the malaligned large ventricular septal defect (VSD), supplying systemic, coronary and pulmonary circulation. People with such anomalous anatomy show variable presentation from early childhood to adult life depending on the severity of defects. We here present three cases of truncus arteriosus with aortic interruption / hypoplasia-coarctation (type A4 truncus arteriosus) with focus on relevant dual source MDCTA findings

Frother Characterization with Two-Phase Foam System

This paper evaluates frother performance by studying two-phase gas-liquid system. Surface tension, foamability, foam stability and bubble size distribution are measured as a function of ft-other type, frother dosage, and sol-ution pH. Variation of bubble size with respect to frother concentration is used for predicting the critical coale-scence concentration (CCC) of selected alcohol and poly-glycol ether family frothers. An inverse relationship is found between critical coalescence concentration and dynamic foamability index (DFI). Df-1012 and PPG are found to be more powerful in terms of stability, foamability and CCC than frothers belonging to alcohol family. Frother effectiveness is found to be relatively better in alkaline pH

Myths and misbelieves regarding COVID vaccines in India

Background: - COVID-19 is the most important public health problem of recent time. Many people require hospitalization after infection. COVID vaccination is the most effective way to prevent the disease. Due to extensive negative publicity through social media channels/platforms,significant number of individuals are not coming forward for vaccination. Therefore, study is needed to evaluate adverse effects associated with different vaccines available in India. Objectives: - To assess the adverse effects associated with COVID-19 vaccination and compare the side effect of two most commonly used COVID vaccines in India. Methods:- In the current report, a cross sectional study was conducted among beneficiaries of COVID-19 vaccines at the vaccination center of the LLRM Medical college, India. After institutional ethical clearance and informed consent, patients were asked about the symptoms they experienced after vaccination. A very simple random sampling approach was used to select beneficiaries. Information was collected on predesigned Google form and total 391 patients submitted the responses. Results:- Out of total respondents 77 % individuals reported one or more symptoms. Fever was reported to be most common problem (59.3%) followed by body ache (57.5%). Out of total beneficiaries, 68.3% experienced mild symptoms while 23% remain asymptomatic. Only few subjects reported moderate adverse effects (8.7%).  None of the respondent reported severe and serious adverse effect. Conclusions:- Vaccine associated adverse effects were found less than 3 days and of mild variety in most of the beneficiaries. There was no difference in adverse effect profile of two commonly used vaccines in India. People must come forward for vaccination in mass without fearing of adverse effects of vaccines

Prunus armeniaca (apricot) and Mucuna pruriens (Konch) seeds improves the liver damage in albino rat exposed to nicotine

Prunus armeniaca (apricot) and Mucuna pruriens (Konch) both are the plant, which are extensively used as medicine in Indian traditional system from ancients, they are considered to increase the protective mechanism against ailments. Nicotine is the main copious components in smoking of cigarette and it is primarily metabolized inside the liver. The current study was performed to explore the role of ethanolic extract of Prunus armeniaca and Mucuna pruriens seed on nicotine induced lethality in rats. Animals are divided in to seven group of with each group (n=6) number of rats. Wistar rats (Group II, III, IV, VI and VIII) were administered with oral nicotine diluted with drinking water for 32 days, While (Group I) plain control was treated with drinking water concurrently, following 32 days Group III, IV were administered with two different concentration of ethanolic extract of Prunus armeniaca seed (200 mg/kg , 400 mg/kg) and Group V and VI  received ethanoilc extract of Mucuna pruriens seed at different doses (400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg). Group II served as toxicity group (5mg/kg body weight of nicotine). Rats were sacrificed 24 hrs after last day of administration (40th day), the biochemical and histopathological parameter were studies. A significance increase in the activity of SGOT, SGPT, CRT, Total bile acid, LDL, ALP, TC, TG, TBL, DBL and decreased the activity of Albumin, TP and HDL in nicotine control group was observed. Group IV and Group VI, the ethanolic extract of Prunus armeniaca seed (400 mg/kg) and ethanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens seed (800 mg/kg) make the defensive effects which were found more considerable in rats. Thus the consequence was recommended that the Prunus armeniaca and Mucuna pruriens both were exert the protecting effects during nicotine induced hepatoxicity in rats. Keywords Prunus armeniaca, Mucuna pruriens, nicotine, hepatotoxicity