Movilidad laboral en el valle de San Quintín, Baja California, 2000-2005

Maestría en Demografí

Supply of essential drugs in units specialized in the treatment of chronic diseases in Mexico in 2012

Objective. To quantify the supply of essential drugs and the fully filled-in prescription level in the Units Specialized in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases (UNEMES-EC) in Mexico. Materials and methods. The supply and prescription indicators were measured in 30 of the 86 existing UNEMES-EC. The supply of drugs was recorded using a list of 17 essential drugs related to the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, overweight and obesity. The information on fully filled-in prescriptions was obtained through a questionnaire applied to 1 200 health care users. Results. Only 13.3% of these units showed a complete supply of the 17 essential drugs: Supply levels were higher in units with external drugstore service. 35% of the interviewed patients reported out-of-pocket expenditures in medicines. Conclusion. UNEMES-EC should improve their levels of drug supply and fully filled-in prescriptions to reduce out-of-pocket expenditures

Dexmedetomidina versus lidocaína endovenosa en el control de dolor irruptivo y la funcionalidad en pacientes con canal lumbar estrecho

ABSTRACT Introduction: The pain is a reason for absenteeism labour, especially breakthrough pain secondary to narrow lumbar canal. Dexmedetomidine is an analgesic, act by inhibiting the release of substance P in the nociceptive pathway and blocks the aspartate and glutamate receptors. On the other hand, lidocaine also prevents and relieves pain by interrupting neuroconduction, binding to its specific receptor within the sodium channels. Objective: To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus lidocaine in intravenous perfusion as a treatment for breakthrough pain secondary to narrow lumbar canal. Material and methods: Controlled clinical trial, randomized, triple-blind, performed at the HGM pain clinic, two groups of patients with diagnosis of breakthrough pain secondary to narrow lumbar canal were evaluated; group one was treated with dexmedetomidine (0.3 mcg/kg) and the other group was treated with lidocaine (2 mg/kg) in intravenous infusion. Measurement of pain intensity and sedation status was made before starting the treatment and after 30, 60 and 120 minutes. The functionality of the patients was also assessed through the Oswestry disability index before and seven days after treatment. Secondarily evaluated the effect of treatments on vital signs. Results: There was not any statistically significant difference in the reduction of pain intensity at 120 minutes between patients treated with dexmedetomidine (EVA 1.29 ± 1.63) compared with those who were treated with lidocaine (EVA 1 ± 1.19, p = 0.594), it was observed that at the end of drugs perfusion, dexmedetomidine produced greater sedation, unlike lidocaine (p = 0.003), both treatments improved functionality in all patients without having a statistically significant difference between treatments (p = 0.508), they were not observed depressant effects on vital signs. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine and lidocaine are just as equally effective for the treatment of breakthrough pain, with onset of action in the first 30 minutes after the infusion started until the next 2 hours, no adverse drug events were observed at the recommended doses.RESUMEN Introducción: El dolor es un motivo de ausentismo laboral, en especial el dolor irruptivo secundario a canal lumbar estrecho. La dexmedetomidina como analgésico actúa inhibiendo la liberación de sustancia P en la vía nociceptiva y bloquea los receptores de aspartato y glutamato. Por otro lado, la lidocaína también previene y alivia el dolor mediante la interrupción de la neuroconducción, uniéndose a su receptor específico dentro de los canales de sodio. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia analgésica de la dexmedetomidina versus lidocaína en perfusión endovenosa como tratamiento del dolor irruptivo secundario a canal lumbar estrecho. Material y métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado, triple ciego, realizado en la clínica del dolor del HGM, se evaluaron dos grupos de pacientes con diagnóstico de dolor irruptivo secundario a canal lumbar estrecho; un grupo tratado con dexmedetomidina (0,3 mcg/kg) y otro grupo tratado con lidocaína (2 mg/kg) en perfusión endovenosa. Se realizó medición de la intensidad del dolor y el estado de sedación antes de iniciar el tratamiento y posteriormente a los 30, 60 y 120 minutos. También se evaluó la funcionalidad de los pacientes a través del índice de discapacidad de Oswestry antes y a los siete días del tratamiento. Se evaluó de forma secundaria el efecto de los tratamientos sobre los signos vitales. Resultados: No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la reducción de la intensidad del dolor a los 120 minutos entre los pacientes tratados con dexmedetomidina (EVA 1,29 ± 1,63) comparados con los tratados con lidocaína (EVA 1 ± 1,19, p = 0,594). Se observó que al final de la perfusión de los fármacos, la dexmedetomidina produjo mayor sedación a diferencia de la lidocaína (p = 0,003). Ambos tratamientos mejoran la funcionalidad en todos los pacientes sin haber diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los tratamientos (p = 0,508) no se observaron efectos depresores sobre los signos vitales. Conclusiones: La dexmedetomidina y la lidocaína son igual de eficaces para el tratamiento del dolor irruptivo, con inicio de acción en los primeros 30 minutos de iniciada la perfusión hasta las siguientes 2 horas. No se observaron eventos adversos medicamentosos a las dosis recomendadas

Characteristics and mortality of Mexican patients with COVID-19 and mechanical ventilation

Introduction: COVID-19-associated mortality in patients who require mechanical ventilation is unknown in the Mexican population. Objective: To describe the characteristics of Mexican patients with COVID-19 who required mechanical ventilation. Methods: Observational cohort study carried out in an intensive care unit from March 25 to July 17, 2020. Data were obtained from a prospective database and electronic medical records, and were analyzed with the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test or Mann-Whitney’s U-test. Results: One hundred patients required mechanical ventilation; median age was 56 years, 31 % were females and 97 % were Latin American. Most common comorbidities were obesity (36 %), diabetes (26 %), hypertension (20 %), and chronic or end-stage kidney disease (10 %). At the end of the analysis, 11 patients remained in the ICU, 31 had been discharged alive and 58 (65.2 %) died; survivors were younger, had lower scores on severity and organ dysfunction scales, lower levels of C-reactive protein at ICU admission, were less likely to receive hemodialysis and vasopressors, and had longer hospital and ICU stays. Conclusions: This study adds information on the presentation and results of SARS-CoV- 2-infected patients who require mechanical ventilation

Utility of a clinical risk scale to predict the requirement of advanced airway management in patients with a diagnosis of deep neck abscess

Objectives: To analyze the clinical utility of a clinical risk scale to predict the need for advanced airway management in patients with deep neck abscess. Methods: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study. Patients over 18 years old, both genders, with surgical management of a deep neck abscess, between January 1st, 2015 to December 31th, 2021, who were applied the clinical risk scale (https://7-414-5-19.shinyapps.io/ClinicalRiskScore/). The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the scale were calculated based on the identified clinical outcomes. A p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A sample of 213 patients was obtained, 121 (56.8%) men, of whom 50 (23.5%) required advanced airway management. Dyspnea was the variable with the most statistical weight in our study, (p = 0.001) as well as the multiple spaces involvement, (p = 0.001) the presence of air corpuscles, (p = 0.001) compromise of the retropharyngeal space (p = 0.001) and age greater than 55 years (p = 0.001). Taking these data into account, were found for the clinical risk scale a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 65% (p = 0.001, 95% CI 0.856–0.984). Conclusions: The clinical risk scale developed to predict advanced airway management in patients with a diagnosis of deep neck abscess may be applicable in our environment with high sensitivity and specificity. Level of evidence: IV

Utilidad de la endoscopia de realce óptico combinada con magnificación para mejorar la detección de metaplasia intestinal en el estómago

7 páginasBackground and study aims The light blue crest observed in narrow band imaging endoscopy has high diagnostic accuracy for diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of magnifying i-scan optical enhancement (OE) imaging for diagnosing the LBC sign in patients with different levels of risk for gastric cancer in a Mexican clinical practice. Patients and methods Patients with a history of peptic ulcer and symptoms of dyspepsia or gastroesophageal reflux disease were enrolled. Diagnosis of GIM was made at the predetermined anatomical location and white light endoscopy and i-scan OE Mode 1 were captured at the two predetermined biopsy sites (antrum and pyloric regions). Results A total of 328 patients were enrolled in this study. Overall GIM prevalence was 33.8 %. The GIM distribution was 95.4 % in the antrum and 40.5 % in the corpus. According to the Operative Link on Gastritis/Intestinal-Metaplasia Assessment staging system, only two patients (1.9 %) were classified with high-risk stage disease. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and accuracy of both methods (95% C. I.) were 0.50 (0.41–0.60), 0.55 (0.48–0.62), 0.36 (0.31–0.42), 0.68 (0.63–0.73), 1.12 (0.9–1.4), 0.9 (0.7– 1.1), and 0.53 (0.43–0.60) for WLE, and 0.96 (0.90–0.99), 0.91 (0.86–0.94), 0.84 (0.78–0.89), 0.98 (0.94–0.99), 10.4 (6.8–16), 0.05 (0.02–0.12), and 0.93 (0.89–0.95), respectively. The kappa concordance was 0.67 and the reliability coefficient was 0.7407 for interobserver variability. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the high performance of magnifying i-scan OE imaging for endoscopic diagnosis of GIM in Mexican patients.Antecedentes y objetivos del estudio La cresta azul claro observada en la endoscopia de imágenes de banda estrecha tiene una alta precisión diagnóstica para el diagnóstico de metaplasia intestinal gástrica (GIM). El objetivo de este estudio prospectivo fue evaluar la precisión diagnóstica de las imágenes de mejora óptica (OE) i-scan con aumento para diagnosticar el signo LBC en pacientes con diferentes niveles de riesgo de cáncer gástrico en un Práctica clínica mexicana. Pacientes y métodos Pacientes con antecedentes de úlcera péptica y síntomas de dispepsia o reflujo gastroesofágico. enfermedad fueron inscritos. El diagnóstico de GIM se realizó en el Se capturaron la ubicación anatómica predeterminada y la endoscopia con luz blanca y el i-scan OE Modo 1 en los dos sitios de biopsia predeterminados (antro y regiones pilóricas). Resultados Un total de 328 pacientes fueron incluidos en este estudio. La prevalencia general de GIM fue del 33,8 %. La distribución GIM fue 95,4 % en el antro y 40,5 % en el cuerpo. Según el Enlace Operativo sobre Gastritis/Metaplasia Intestinal sistema de estadificación de evaluación, sólo dos pacientes (1,9 %) fueron clasificados con enfermedad en etapa de alto riesgo. Sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivos y negativos, positivos y ratios de probabilidad negativos y precisión de ambos métodos (IC del 95%) fueron 0,50 (0,41–0,60), 0,55 (0,48–0,62), 0,36 (0,31–0,42), 0,68 (0,63–0,73), 1,12 (0,9–1,4), 0,9 (0,7– 1,1), y 0,53 (0,43–0,60) para WLE, y 0,96 (0,90–0,99), 0,91 (0,86–0,94), 0,84 (0,78–0,89), 0,98 (0,94–0,99), 10,4 (6,8–16), 0,05 (0,02–0,12) y 0,93 (0,89–0,95), respectivamente. La concordancia kappa fue de 0,67 y el coeficiente de confiabilidad fue de 0,7407 para la variabilidad interobservador. Conclusiones Nuestro estudio demostró el alto rendimiento de las imágenes con magnificación i-scan OE para el diagnóstico endoscópico de GIM en pacientes mexicanos

Heritability estimates (h2) for the severity of GERD symptoms, metabolic syndrome components and inflammation components.

<p>Heritability estimates (h2) for the severity of GERD symptoms, metabolic syndrome components and inflammation components.</p

Heritability and genetic correlation between GERD symptoms severity, metabolic syndrome, and inflammation markers in families living in Mexico City

<div><p>Objective</p><p>The aim of this study was to estimate the heritability (h²) and genetic correlation (ρG) between GERD symptoms severity, metabolic syndrome components, and inflammation markers in Mexican families.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Cross-sectional study which included 32 extended families resident in Mexico City. GERD symptoms severity was assessed by the ReQuest in Practice questionnaire. Heritability and genetic correlation were determined using the Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines software.</p><p>Results</p><p>585 subjects were included, the mean age was 42 (±16.7) years, 57% were women. The heritability of the severity of some GERD symptoms was h² = 0.27, 0.27, 0.37, and 0.34 (p-value <1.0x10^-5) for acidity complaints, lower abdominal complaints, sleep disturbances, and total ReQuest score, respectively. Heritability of metabolic syndrome components ranged from 0.40 for fasting plasma glucose to 0.61 for body mass index and diabetes mellitus. The heritability for fibrinogen and C-reactive protein was 0.64 and 0.38, respectively. Statistically significant genetic correlations were found between acidity complaints and fasting plasma glucose (ρG = 0.40); sleep disturbances and fasting plasma glucose (ρG = 0.36); acidity complaints and diabetes mellitus (ρG = 0.49) and between total ReQuest score and fasting plasma glucose (ρG = 0.43). The rest of metabolic syndrome components did not correlate with GERD symptoms.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Genetic factors substantially explain the phenotypic variance of the severity of some GERD symptoms, metabolic syndrome components and inflammation markers. Observed genetic correlations suggest that these phenotypes share common genes. These findings suggest conducting further investigation, as the determination of a linkage analysis in order to identify regions of susceptibility for developing of GERD and metabolic syndrome.</p></div