PCR detection and analyzis of potentially zoonotic Hepatitis E virus in French rats

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus has been detected in a wide range of animals. While Genotypes 1-2 of this virus infect only humans, 3-4 can spread from animals to humans and cause sporadic cases of human disease. Pig, and possibly also rats, may act as a reservoir for virus. From a public health perspective it is important to clarify the role of rats for infection of humans. Rats often live close to humans and are therefore of special interest to public health. Rats live of waste and inside the sewage system and may become infected. Reports of hepatitis E virus in rats have been published but not from France. The possibility that rats in an urban area in France were Hepatitis E virus infected, with which type and relationship to other strains was investigated. This study provides information important to public health and better understanding the occurrence of hepatitis E virus in the environment. Eighty one rats (Rattus Norvegicus) were captured, euthanized, sampled (liver and faeces) and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR’s, one specific for Hepatitis E virus in rats and one specific for genotype 1-4 that that is known to infect humans. Positive samples were analyzed by a nested broad spectrum RT-PCR, sequenced and compared with sequences in Genbank. FINDINGS: Twelve liver and 11 faeces samples out of 81 liver and 81 faeces samples from 81 captured rats were positive in the PCR specific for Hepatitis E virus in rats and none in the PCR specific for genotype 1-4. Comparison by nucleotide BLAST showed a maximum of 87% similarity to Hepatitis E virus previously detected in rats and significantly less to genotype 1-4. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study demonstrating that rats in France carries hepatitis E virus and provide information regarding its relation to other virus strains previously detected in rats and other host animals world-wide. Genotype 1-4 was not detected

Wildlife biosurveillance

The objective of wildlife biosurveillance is to detect health-related events potentially harmful for wild animals, man or domestic animals. Three complementary approaches could be developed to overcome the specific constraints associated with the surveillance of wildlife: monitoring based on a risk analysis, monitoring of sentinel animals and syndromic surveillance. Furthermore, the official notification of pathogens identified through such programmes should be redefined, to encourage countries to exchange information while protecting them against unjustified consequences of such notifications.La biosurveillance de la faune sauvage vise à appliquer à celle-ci une surveillance adaptée qui permettrait de mettre en évidence des phénomènes de santé potentiellement délétères pour celle-ci ou pour la santé de l'Homme ou des animaux domestiques. Compte tenu des contraintes particulières liées à la surveillance de ces animaux, trois approches complémentaires pourraient être développées: une surveillance basée sur une analyse de risque, une surveillance d'animaux sentinelles et une surveillance syndromique. Par ailleurs, la notification officielle d'agents pathogènes découlant de la surveillance sanitaire de la faune sauvage devrait être redéfinie, afin d'encourager l'échange d'informations entre les États, tout en les garantissant contre des conséquences injustifiées d'une telle déclaration

Prioritisation of wildlife pathogens to be targeted in European surveillance programmes: expert-based risk analysis focus on ruminants

This study attempted to develop a list of priority pathogens. It is part of a European Union (EU) project dedicated to the surveillance of emerging or re-emerging pathogens of wildlife. Partners of the consortium established an initial list of 138 pathogens of concern, which was reduced to a smaller list of 65 pathogens likely to affect ruminants (i.e., the most costly animal group in the EU over the last 15 years). These 65 pathogens underwent a two-step, expert-based risk analysis: 92 experts graded them with respect to their global importance for animal welfare, species conservation, trade/economic impacts and public health. In step 2, the top 15 pathogens from step 1 were assessed by 69 experts considering seven weighted epidemiological criteria (pathogen variability, host specificity, potential for contagion, speed of spread, presence in Europe, difficulty of surveillance in wildlife and persistence in the environment) for which four options were possible. The responses concerned a wide geographic coverage. The resulting top-list pathogens were ranked as follows: 1. Salmonella enterica, 2. Coxiella burnetii, 3. foot-and-mouth disease virus, 4. Mycobacterium bovis, 5. bluetongue virus, and 6. European tick-borne encephalitis virus. The influence of the characteristics of the respondents, the importance of the levels of uncertainty/variability and the implication of the results are discussed. This work highlights the relevance of developing such lists for preparedness

Emerging diseases of wildlife in Europe : Lessons to draw to prevent a resurgence of avian influenza

The incursion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza among wildfowl in Europe in 2006 was a new illustration of the health risk presented by wildlife to humans and domestic animals. To help anticipate similar incursions and avoid the pitfalls of poor communication, this paper describes how this risk was analysed and managed in the past for other wildlife diseases in Europe. The author also proposes a general methodology to anticipate such events.La contamination de l'avifaune sauvage en Europe, en 2006, par des foyers d'Influenza Aviaire Hautement Pathogène (IAHP) a été une nouvelle illustration du risque sanitaire que représente la faune sauvage pour l'homme ou les animaux domestiques. Afin de mieux anticiper des incursions similaires et éviter les dérives liées à une communication mal conduite, cet article décrit la façon dont le risque a été étudié et géré dans le passé pour d'autres maladies de la faune sauvage en Europe. L'auteur propose aussi une méthodologie générale pour anticiper de tels événements

Multi-host disease management: the why and the how to include wildlife

<p>In recent years, outbreaks caused by multi-host pathogens (MHP) have posed a serious challenge to public and animal health authorities. The frequent implication of wildlife in such disease systems and a lack of guidelines for mitigating these diseases within wild animal populations partially explain why the outbreaks are particularly challenging. To face these challenges, the French Ministry of Agriculture launched a multi-disciplinary group of experts that set out to discuss the main wildlife specific concepts in the management of MHP disease outbreaks and how to integrate wildlife in the disease management process. This position paper structures the primary specific concepts of wildlife disease management, as identified by the working group. It is designed to lay out these concepts for a wide audience of public and/or animal health officers who are not necessarily familiar with wildlife diseases. The group's discussions generated a possible roadmap for the management of MHP diseases. This roadmap is presented as a cycle for which the main successive step are: step 1-descriptive studies and monitoring; step 2-risk assessment; step 3-management goals; step 4-management actions and step 5-assessment of the management plan. In order to help choose the most adapted management actions for all involved epidemiological units, we integrated a decision-making framework (presented as a spreadsheet). This tool and the corresponding guidelines for disease management are designed to be used by public and health authorities when facing MHP disease outbreaks. These proposals are meant as an initial step towards a harmonized transboundary outbreak response framework that integrates current scientific understanding adapted to practical intervention.</p

Use of wild bird surveillance, human case data and GIS spatial analysis for predicting spatial distributions of West Nile Virus in Greece

West Nile Virus (WNV) is the causative agent of a vector-borne, zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. Recent expansion and introduction of WNV into new areas, including southern Europe, has been associated with severe disease in humans and equids, and has increased concerns regarding the need to prevent and control future WNV outbreaks. Since 2010, 524 confirmed human cases of the disease have been reported in Greece with greater than 10% mortality. Infected mosquitoes, wild birds, equids, and chickens have been detected and associated with human disease. The aim of our study was to establish a monitoring system with wild birds and reported human cases data using Geographical Information System (GIS). Potential distribution of WNV was modelled by combining wild bird serological surveillance data with environmental factors (e.g. elevation, slope, land use, vegetation density, temperature, precipitation indices, and population density). Local factors including areas of low altitude and proximity to water were important predictors of appearance of both human and wild bird cases (Odds Ratio = 1,001 95%CI = 0,723–1,386). Using GIS analysis, the identified risk factors were applied across Greece identifying the northern part of Greece (Macedonia, Thrace) western Greece and a number of Greek islands as being at highest risk of future outbreaks. The results of the analysis were evaluated and confirmed using the 161 reported human cases of the 2012 outbreak predicting correctly (Odds = 130/31 = 4,194 95%CI = 2,841–6,189) and more areas were identified for potential dispersion in the following years. Our approach verified that WNV risk can be modelled in a fast cost-effective way indicating high risk areas where prevention measures should be implemented in order to reduce the disease incidence

Ecologie de la rage et comportements de transmission de virus : contribution à l'étude des rapports entre le renard (vulpes vulpes linnaeus, 1788) et le virus rabique en Lorraine

Non disponible / Not availableLa rage est une virose apparue récemment sur plusieurs espèces de mammifères sauvages et notamment sur le renard roux en Europe. Ce mémoire examine les rapports mutuels et les influences potentielles qui s'exercent entre le virus et son hôte. Les études montrent une adaptation du virus au renard allant dans le sens d'une forte pathogenecite, qui ne se rencontre pas lorsque ce virus est inocule à d'autres espèces telles que le chat, le furet ou le raton laveur. Il est difficile, sinon impossible de démontrer que le renard s'est adapté à son virus, toutefois les études de terrain suggèrent que les populations de renards peuvent faire face à la contrainte exercée par la rage. Cette réponse est à la fois comportementale et démographique et se traduit par le fait qu'une population de renards ne peut être affectée durablement par la mortalité due à la rage. On étudie également comment les modifications comportementales provoquées par la "maladie rabique" pourraient favoriser la transmission du virus. Au total ce mémoire précise les conditions dans lesquelles des pressions sélectives s'exercent entre un parasite (au sens fonctionnel) et son hôte