Ground influence on airfoils

The question of ground influence on airplanes has recently attracted some attention in view of the claims made by certain designers that the landing speed of their airplanes is much decreased by an increase in lift coefficient due to the proximity of the ground in landing. The results of wind tunnel tests indicate that ground effect is not entirely beneficial. It decreases the landing speed and cushions the landing shock somewhat. However, it does so at the expense of an increased length of preliminary skimming over the ground. By decreasing the drag and increasing the lift, it lengthens the distance necessary for the airplane to travel before losing enough speed to land. On the other hand, its influence is helpful in taking off, especially in the case of flying boats with their low-lying wings. In the conventional tractor airplane, the height of the wings above the ground is determined largely by propeller clearance. However, a small low-speed airplane like the Pischoff and large low-speed commercial aircraft with engines between wings can utilize ground influence to good advantage

Giving effect to young people’s right to effectively participate in criminal proceedings

Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, guarantees the right to a fair trial, including the right of all defendants to participate effectively in their trial. Although psychiatrists and psychologists frequently report that defendants in the youth court are‘unfit to plead’, this concept has no formal application in the youth court. This article will examine how the criminal justice system responds to young people who are not capable of effectively participating in their own criminal proceedings as a result of their youth and immaturity inhibiting their understanding and participation in the trial proceedings

Exploring childhood, criminal responsibility and the evolving capacities of the child: the age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales

Currently in England and Wales the law considers that all children below 10 years of age are exempt from criminal liability for their actions as such children are morally not responsible and lacking blameworthiness. This approach to young people in conflict with the law misrepresents the evidence regarding young people who offend and encourages highly contestable judgments about individuality, identity and welfare. I will argue that children have a right to respect for their evolving capacities and that respecting this right would help to re-direct the criminal justice system towards a normative framework better equipped to accommodate the realities of childhood and in which the child’s experience of vulnerability and powerlessness is embedded throughout

Children's right to sue for social workers' negligence

In D & Others v East Berkshire Community Health & Others and JD (FC) v East Berkshire Community Health NHS Trust & Others the English ju diciary held that children wrongly diagnosed as having been abused or mistakenly taken into care can now sue the social workers responsible . Lord Phillips ruled that the House of Lords ruling in 1995 which barred claims against social workers in child abus e cases could not survive the Human Rights Act 1998. In this article I will examine the development of the law in this area and the implications of this recent landmark decision for children who have suffered as a result of local authority negligence and t heir parents

Issue Brief: Latinos and Party Affiliation

This brief will use the most up to date research and census data on Latinos and party affiliation to prove that, except for a few cases, Latinos affiliate themselves to political parties based on the same standards that other race or ethnic groups use

Public Opinion and Women/Gender Issues

What women do to disenfranchise themselves and other women in the interest of self-promotion in their own workplace

A Study of Socioeconomic Status of Arab Americans

This paper will examine socioeconomic status of Arab Americans in the United States. Given that Levels of education, income, and occupation of a given group determine socioeconomic status of that group, this paper will attend to the level of education, occupation, and income of Arab Americans relative to the American population as a whole

Minority Religion and Affirmative Action in the United States

This brief will highlight the inconsistencies with which the court system within the United States has handled cases pertaining to minority religion within the context of Affirmative Action. Those individuals are treated unfairly, and though Affirmative Action may benefit many individuals, it has yet to aid those discriminated due to their minority religion

Intersection of LGBT Persons and Criminal Justice

This issue brief highlights areas of criminal justice which are of particular importance to the LGBT community. It also shows how these areas are currently changing and updating

Persons with Disabilities and Discrimination

This issue brief is designed to outline the progress persons with disabilities have made in combating discrimination in all aspects of life, but also to highlight the obstacles with which they are still faced today