Multivariate associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and CD4 cell count levels. Continuous treatments at study entry are the referent state. <b>Model 1: CD4.</b>

<p>Association measure is the mean difference in CD4 cell counts between a treatment category and its referent category.</p><p>†VL (log₁₀ scale) is translated by log₁₀ (5,000), and is time-varying.</p><p>*Age is translated (i.e., subtracted) by 30 years.</p

Characteristics of study participants by treatment pattern: continuous, Intermittent and never on treatment.

<p>*N  =  sample size. Baseline CD4 and baseline viral load (VL) refer to the first available CD4 and VL in an inmate; Exit CD4 and Exit VL refer to the last available CD4 and VL on the inmate. P-values are derived from Kruskal-Wallis or chi-squared tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.</p

Expected CD4 over time by for a 30 year-old Caucasian male, as predicted from a linear mixed effects model.

<p>Baseline CD4 counts and viral load (VL) over time are taken to reflect the baseline status of the inmates by the pattern of medication intake: CD4 cells at 330 cells/ml at baseline and a VL of 800 copies/ml for an inmate who was continuously treated; CD4 cells at 330 cells/ml at baseline and a VL of 7,500 copies/ml for an inmate who was intermittently treated; CD4 cells at 430 cells/ml at baseline and a VL of 8,000 copies/ml for an inmate who was never treated.</p

Model 2: VL. Multivariate associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and viral load(VL). Continuous treatments at study entry are the referent state.

<p>‡Estimates have been back-transformed to reflect a multiplicative change in VL (i.e., to reflect associated multiplicative changes on the natural scale rather than additive changes on the log scale) <b>Association measure is the median multiplicative VL between the treatment category and its referent state.</b></p><p>†VL (log₁₀ scale) is translated by log₁₀ (5,000).</p

Diagnostic accuracy of the OraQuick HIV-1/2 rapid test performed on oral mucosal fluid specimens

<p>Sensitivity = 100% (95% CI 98, 100)</p><p>Specificity = 100% (95% CI 99, 100)</p><p>Positive predictive value = 100%</p><p>Negative predictive value = 100%</p><p>Positive likelihood ratio = NA</p><p>Negative likelihood ratio = 0</p

Testing algorithm and reference standard

*<p>If Western Blot was indeterminate, ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno-assay) was repeated on stored sera; if repeatedly indeterminate, the sequence was repeated with a fresh blood sample</p>*<p>Ref: CDC guidelines for rapid testing</p

HIV Testing Algorithm

<p>HIV Testing Algorithm</p

Factors Associated with Low Levels of HIV Testing among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Brazil

<div><p>The aim of this study was to assess risk factors associated with low levels of HIV testing among MSM recruited through respondent driven sampling (RDS) in Brazil. Of 3,617 participants, 48.4% had never tested previously for HIV. A logistic model indicated that younger age, lower socioeconomic class, education, poor HIV/AIDS knowledge, no history of cruising, and having been tested during the study were characteristics independently associated with low levels of previous HIV testing. The HIV testing rate among MSM in Brazil is still low in spite of the availability of a large number services providing universal and free access to HIV/AIDS diagnosis and treatment. To respond to low utilization, the authors propose a higher priority for testing for key populations such as MSM, expanded education, expanding testing sites and a welcoming and nonjudgmental environment in health services.</p></div

Univariate analysis of never testing for HIV among MSM in Brazil, 2009.

<p>Univariate analysis of never testing for HIV among MSM in Brazil, 2009.</p

Multivariate analysis (final model) of never testing for HIV among MSM in Brazil, 2009.

<p>Multivariate analysis (final model) of never testing for HIV among MSM in Brazil, 2009.</p