TERRITORIAL AND NATURAL PRIORITIES OF MACEDONIA - IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR TOBACCO PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT

Territory and natural conditions in Macedonia are well known in the World market of high quality production of oriental type of tobacco. Production of oriental tobacco at such a small territory is insignificant towards other producers (Bulgaria, Turkey), buy it is very important for Macedonian economy. The high value of exported tobacco and other tobacco products is regularly above 100 million USD (113 million USD for 2006 and 106 million USD for 2007). As a family production with low grade of mechanized labor processes, it provides survival of more than 100 000 residents of Macedonia. These reasons are enough to evaluate the importance of tobacco for a country with a gross national income per capita of around $4,120 in 2008, (GNI, Atlas method) and high unemployment rate (over 35%). Natural resources for oriental tobacco production are relatively adequate for the most of the countries from Mediterranean region as well as Balkan Peninsula. However, the specific climate and soil conditions in Macedonia have a high comparative value for oriental tobacco. They enabled the tobacco to have definite value above all other crops from Macedonia, especially in areas limited with water resources and soil with low percentage of humus. High level of tobacco production in the previous period has resulted with building of many huge industrial capacities, warehouses for final processing as well as three factories for cigarette production. They have been all build for the great domestic market (for over twenty million people of Former Yugoslav Republic) and partly for export. Nowadays, these capacities insufficiently are used with annual production of over 5,500 t of cigarettes. Because of inadequate agrarian policy, tobacco production stagnates in the period of long transition and shows a high instability through the years. Therefore, the advantages of Macedonian region remain inadequately used. Macedonian region is characterized with arid climate, because the annual rainfalls are 742 mm/m² (average of 25 years), and the average of the last 10 years is only 582 mm/m² (schedule of the rainfalls is quite unfavorable). The biggest part of the oriental tobacco production is designed for export to the most famous markets (EU, USA, Japan, etc.), because the unprocessed tobacco has a high quality. Specific physical-chemical characteristics make Macedonian tobacco a component of the blend used for large number of the World’s famous tobacco brands of cigarettes. Considering as competitive product in the World market, many countries are interested in buying Macedonian tobacco (EU, SAD, Japan etc.).oriental tobacco, production, natural conditions, quality, export, competitive product, Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries,

What One Can Learn From the Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) Size Distributions as Monitored by the BEO Moussala?

In this proceeding we report initial studies into the big data set acquired by the Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) counter of the Basic Environmental Observatory (BEO) Moussala over the whole 2016 year at a frequency of 1 Hz. First, we attempt to reveal correlations between the results for CCN number concentrations on the timescale of a whole year (2016) as averaged over 12 month periods with the meteorological parameters for the same period and with the same time step. Then, we zoom into these data and repeat the study on the timescale of a month for two months from 2016, January and July, with a day time step. For the same two months we show the CCN size distributions averaged over day periods. Finally, we arrive at our main result: typical, in terms of maximal and minimal number concentrations, CCN size distributions for chosen hours, one hour for each month of the year, hence 24 distributions in total. These data show a steady pattern of peaks and valleys independent of the concrete number concentration which moves up and down the number concentrations (y-axis) without significant shifts along the sizes (x-axis).Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure, The 10th Jubilee Conference of the Balkan Physical Union (BPU10), 26-30 August, Sofia, Bulgari

COLLADA + MPEG-4 or X3D + MPEG-4

The paper is an overview of 3D graphics assets and applications standards.The authors analyzed the three main open standards dealing with three-dimensional (3-D) graphics content and applications, X3D, COLLADA, and MPEG4, to clarify the role of each with respect to the following criteria: ability to describe only the graphics assets in a synthetic 3-D scene or also its behavior as an application, compression capacities, and appropriateness for authoring, transmission, and publishing. COLLADA could become the interchange format for authoring tools; MPEG4 on top of it (as specified in MPEG-4 Part 25), the publishing format for graphics assets; and X3D, the standard for interactive applications, enriched by MPEG-4 compression in the case of online ones. The authors also mentioned that in order to build a mobile application, a developer has to consider different hardware configurations and performances, different operating systems, different screen sizes, and input controls

SEM analyses of minerals from Allchar deposite - Republic of Macedonia

The Allchar Sb-As-Tl-Au volcanogenic hydrothermal deposit is situated at the northwestern margins of Kožuf Mts. (Republic of Macedonia), close to the border between Republic of Macedonia and Greece. From the geotectonic point of view, ore mineralization is related to a Pliocene volcano-intrusive complex located between the rigid Pellagonian block in the west, and the labile Vardar zone in the east. From the metallogenic point of view, the Allchar deposit belongs to the Kožuf ore district as part of the Serbo-Macedonian metallogenetic province.The locality is one of the Unique deposits in the world not because of its size but because of its mineral composition and diversity, including an abundance of particularly rare thallium sulfosalts

Distribution of the disease Bois noir (stolbur) in some vineyards in Macedonia

Bois noir (BN) has been present in Macedonia for a long time, but its first scientific report dating back to 2003 (Šeruga et al. 2003). BN is caused by phytoplasmas from stolbur group (16SrXII-A). This group of phytoplasma infects a wide range of wild and cultivated plants in Europe. Three phytoplasma isolates associated with BN were identified in grapevine in the world: VKI VKII and VKIII (Langer & Maixner, 2004). In this study, the spreading of the phytoplasma isolates associated with Bois noir (BN) was investigated on grapevine in the biggest vineyards in Macedonia (Central Vardar region), in the season 2006/07. Used of molecular methods show the presence of Bois noir phytoplasma, type II, VKII, spreader in all investigated regions

Agroecological conditions for growing some hybrids of sunflower in Ovche Pole region

Sunflower is a very important agricultural crop in the Republic of Macedonia and in other countries around the world. It is a high-yielding oilseed industrial culture, and it is characterized by high fatness that ranges up to 50% of the total weight of the seed in newer hybrids. This study used the latest hybrids that are grown in Macedonia without irrigational conditions in the Ovce pole region (dry and warm region). These characteristics in the production of sunflower were a challenge to set up and examine 12 varieties of hybrids in the Ovce pole region in the period from 2016 to 2017, from the sowing stage (April 2016/17) up to the phase of the sunflower harvest (Sept. 2016/17)

Presence of Plum Pox virus in the Republic of Macedonia

Viral diseases of fruit cultivars affect the quality of fruits and cause great damage in the field of pomiculture. One of the more significant diseases of fruit cultivars, especially plums and peaches is the plum pox or Sharka virus (Plum Pox virus, PPV). There is very little data about the presence of this virus in Macedonia. Examination of old plum cultivars showed symptoms typical of the sharka virus. Field assessment of the percentage of infection of plum trees was carried out in a part of the territory of Macedonia. Some of the young seedlings that were analyzed failed to develop properly and were withered. Using DAS-ELISA tests and a universal set of antibodies, we demonstrated the presence of the Sharka virus in 94% of the examined samples. The test results showed high concentration of viral antigens in the plant samples (OD: 3.618 - 3.47230min). The laboratory analysis of the young fruits indicated that the infection probably originated from the propagative material

Correlation and path analysis in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

This study was carried out to determine the correlation between agronomic traits and seed yield of sunflower cultivars and also to determine the direct and indirect effect of analyzed traits on seed yield. The primary task in sunflower breeding programs is increasing the seed yield and creates new hybrids with high potential for seed and oil yield. Field trials were set up according to randomized block design during two growing seasons (2013 and 2014), on research area of Faculty of Agriculture, "Goce Delchev” University in Ovche Pole locality, Republic of Macedonia. As an experimental material were used 20 sunflower varieties. 1 000 seed weight, length and width of grain, oil content, oleic acid content and seed yield were analyzed. For 1 000 seed weight was obtained highly positive and significant correlation with seed yield and grain width. On the other hand, 1 000 seed weight showed negative and significant correlation with oil content. This trait expressed the biggest positive direct effect on seed yield Key words: sunflower, correlation coefficient, path analysis, agronomic trait