Does concurrent breastfeeding alongside the introduction of solid food prevent the development of food allergy?

The timing of introduction of solid food on the subsequent development of food allergy is under debate and the role of concurrent breastfeeding is unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of solid food introduction whilst concurrently breastfeeding on food allergy outcome, with a specific focus on cows’ milk allergy. Prospectively collected infant feeding data from a birth cohort were analysed. Participants with histories suggestive of food allergy underwent diagnostic food challenges. Children with food allergy were matched to control participants for age and sex. Mann–Whitney U tests, χ2, Fisher exact tests and logistic regression calculations were undertaken. A total of thirty-nine food-allergic children and seventy-eight matched controls were identified, including twenty-two cows’ milk-allergic children and forty-four matched controls. The control group introduced solid food earlier than the food-allergic group (P < 0·05). There was no effect of concurrent breastfeeding alongside cows’ milk introduction or other food allergens on the development of food allergy. Due to small numbers, it was not possible to explore differences for food allergy phenotype. We have therefore found no evidence that introducing solids, or food allergens, whilst breastfeeding has an allergy-preventative effect; however, the results should be interpreted with caution due to sample size. Recommendations regarding infant feeding and food allergy should be carefully considered. Although breastfeeding should be promoted for many health reasons, larger studies looking at the introduction of food allergens on the development of food allergy are needed to make a final conclusion

Fussy eating and feeding difficulties in infants and toddlers consuming a cows’ milk exclusion diet

Cows’ milk allergy (CMA) is the most common infant food allergy in the United Kingdom, requiring a strict exclusion diet. Feeding difficulties and fussy eating are also very common problems in young children and can negatively influence feeding and dietary intake in an infant with CMA. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of fussy eating and feeding difficulties in two groups of young children: a group consuming an exclusion diet for CMA and a control group of children consuming an unrestricted diet.MethodParticipants were recruited from allergy and health visitor clinics on the Isle of Wight. Parents completed a number of questionnaires about their child's feeding behaviour.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-six participants (mean age 13 months) were recruited. Participants consuming an exclusion diet for CMA had significantly higher scores for both fussy eating and feeding difficulties (p < 0.05), although overall both groups were within the normal range. A number of symptoms were found to be positively moderately correlated with higher feeding difficulty score (p < 0.05). A higher consumption of milk/milk substitute consumed per day was positively correlated to both feeding difficulties and fussy eating (p < 0.05).ConclusionParticipants consuming an exclusion diet for CMA have higher scores for feeding difficulties and fussy eating than those consuming an unrestricted diet; however, the majority of participants’ scores were within the normal range and did not affect the growth

Effects of Salinity on Embryonic and Early Larval Development of a Tropical Sea Urchin, Salmacis sphaeroides

Effects of salinity on fertilization, embryonic stage, and early larval development and growth performances of short-spined white sea urchin, Salmacis sphaeroides were conducted under a controlled laboratory condition. The experiment was carried out with seven salinity treatments (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 PSU), each of which was triplicated. Significantly highest fertilization success was achieved at 30 PSU, followed by those at 25, 35, 20, 40 and 45 PSU, while the lowest value was obtained at 15 PSU, decreased with increasing and decreasing salinities (p.05) were noted among these three salinity levels on prism larval length and width. However, significance differences (p>.05) were noted in morphometric characters of 2-arm and 4-arm pluteus larvae. The findings of the this study indicate that S. sphaeroides is stenohaline and do not survive and develop out of the range from 25 to 35 PSU

Effect of Dilution of Propofol on Pain at Site of Injection: Comparison Between 1% vs. 0.33% Formulation

Objective: To study the effect of propofol dilution on pain at injection site with formulations of 1% and 0.33%. Methodology: A randomized controlled trial was conducted for 24 months at the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad. A total of 100 patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into two equal groups: group C received 1% propofol while patients of group D received 0.33% formulation diluted with distilled water. Patients received propofol at the start of anesthesia before any premedication. A 5ml volume was injected over a period of 5s in an 18G cannula over dorsum of hands. Behaviourial pain scale was used and descriptive data analysis was done. Results: Then mean age of patients was 37.36±14.77 with 46 males and 56 females. Pain at the injection site was experienced in 20 (40%) patients of group C whereas 16 (32%) patients experienced pain in group D. There was no association of pain with a strength of propofol solution (p value 0.405). Conclusion: Strength of propofol solution has no association of pain at the injection site and dilution has no better effect in terms of pain scor

Pelaksanaan Pembiayaan Konsumen dengan Jaminan Fidusia (Study Kasus di BCA Finance Sukoharjo)

This research was conducted with the aim to know the implementation of consumer financing with fiduciary guarantee at BCA Finance Sukoharjo. To know the problematic in the implementation of consumer financing with fiduciary guarantee in BCA Finance Sukoharjo. The approach method used in this research is empirical juridical approach. The data type is primary and secondary data, consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The method of data analysis used is descriptive analysis, which is an analysis that provides an overview of the implementation of consumer financing with fiduciary assurance in BCA Finance Sukoharjo. The result of the research concludes that the implementation of consumer financing with fiduciary guarantee at BCA Finance Sukoharjo is executed by making consumer financing agreement. And has been made according to the provisions of Article 1320 and Article 1338 Civil Code. Furthermore, the letter of consumer financing agreement is registered in fiduciary in accordance with the provisions of Law Number 42 Year 1999 regarding Fiduciary, especially the provision of fiduciary registration and the making of deed in the presence of a notary. Problematic in the implementation of consumer financing with fiduciary assurance in BCA Finance Sukoharjo is the consumer is late in installments, the consumer is not beritikad baik, consumer dies, the occurrence of disaster and bankruptcy (bankruptcy) experienced by the debtor. From the various factors causing bad loans, the action taken by BCA Finance Sukoharjo is to withdraw the vehicle and then auctioned, from the auction result is then used to cover the shortage of the installment, if any remaining money it will be returned to the debtor

Effect of starch utilization on sensory quality of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix) fish ball can

A variety of products made from fish meat is increasingly being produced in most countries. The availability of low cost ingredients, the use of suitable formulations and modern equipment has made it feasible to produce different products of high nutritious value to satisfy consumer demands. Starch is an ingredient used in most products in the food industry because of its physical characteristics. In the present study fish ball were prepared using starch from two different sources (wheat and potato) either individually or by mixing equal proportions of two sources of starch at a rate of 5, 10 and 15% to 80% ground meat of silver carp. A control group was also tested without adding starch. Results obtained indicate that flavor, odor and texture of the resulting product made with 10% starch were more acceptable as compared to the other trials. Fish ball made with the addition of 15% starch were lighter in color and sticky and loses its strength to form. No significant differences were observed in color, flavor, odor and texture of fish ball in trials containing 10% starch from one individual source (p>0.05) and the resulting product in these trials were rated higher in organoleptic tests as compared to those containing 5 and 15% starch. Among trials containing two sources of starch, mixed trials with potato and wheat (5% potato + 5% wheat) were rated higher in organoleptic tests as compared to the other trials(p<0.05)

Identification and Differentiation of Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Isolates Using and pAM-3 as a DNA Probe

Background: Mycobacteriu avium subsp.paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease. It is a very slow growing bacterium on synthetic medium. The use of conventional methods for diagnosis is time consuming and not accurate. Objectives: The use of molecular biological techniques for fast and accurate diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis isolates. Materials and methods: DNA was extracted and prepared from four Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis and four Mycobacterium tuberculosis bovis isolates. The extracted DNA was subjected to PCR by using specific primers and the isolates were distinguished and differentiated by hybridization technique using pAM-3 specific probe developed in New Zealand. Results: The PCR products gave the requested DNA fragment of 163 base pairs. The probe reacted specifically with targeted DNA fragment of paratubreculosis bacterial isolates but not with tuberculosis bovis isolates. Conclusion: The use of PCR and specific DNA probe for the diagnosis of MAP is a fast and accurate method for diagnosis of MAP

Survey the effects of live rainbow trout handling on fish meat quality

This research was performed to survey the live handling condition of Rainbow trout in Tehran province and determine the effects of this method on the quality of the flesh regarding with water binding capacity, pH changes, moisture, fat and protein content in different seasons of year. Based on reviews of Questionnaires, there were 20 main live rainbow trout sale centers in Tehran. 10 numbers of these were in fruit and vegetable centers of municipality and others were out of these centers. Live fish handling to in these areas mainly was performed from fish farms located in the Haraz road (85 percent), farms of Firoozkooh road (10 percent) and others were (5 percent) from neighboring provinces. The results of this study indicated that current methods of live handling in Tehran (the transporting time 4 h and the density of fish in tank 100-150 kg /m^2) meat quality of transported trout was not affected. Water holding capacity of transported fish was less than caught fish in the fields. This amount was reached to lowest level in in summer as well as the differences between the two groups were significant (P<0.05). Also, when a meat pH level was elevated, water holding capacity was reduced. In summer, the amount of WHC in transported fish was 13.4% that was a highest value between the seasons. Appears that in the summer, high temperature and increasing kinds of stresses to fish during handling due to excessive accumulation of metabolites such as ammonia, muscle energy sources emptied because of high activity. In this condition, falling of pH during postmortem changes being moderated and lead to increase drip loss in the transported sample

Development and storage stability of fish strudel

Awareness of health and nutrition of fish has led the food industry to development of fishery-based ready-to-eat products. In this study seven filling materials based on 60-70 - 80% fish mince from 7 local fish species ‘i.e.’ Talang Queen fish (Scomberoides commersonnianus), oriental sole (Brachirus orientalis), Barred sickle fish (Drepane longimana), Big eye Croaker (Pennahia anea), Japanese threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicas), javelin grunter (pomadasys kaakan) and Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) were formulated and applied for developing fish strudels. A 9-point hedonic scale ranging from 1 (extremely dislike) to 9 (extremely like) was used for screening the acceptance of the prototypes. A 3-component D-optimal Mixture Design was also applied to optimize the fish strudel formulation. Preliminary experiments were done to identify the high-impact ingredients, which had a high effect on the sensory quality when their levels (%) were changed. The results indicated that fish strudel containing 60% Talang Queen fish (Scomberoides commersonnianus) mince in the filling materials had significantly higher liking in odor, flavor, and overall acceptability than the other prototypes. So it was selected for quality changes study. Product's characteristics and stability were studied during 6-month storage at -18 °C. The fish strudel packed in a polyethylene sealed bag was stable during the storage period. The peroxide and TVBN values remained low. The results in this paper provide important information for companies planning to develop convenience food from low value fish. Furthermore, development of strudel filled with fish mince/ flesh could be an effective way to enhance nutritional and functional value of such products. The products could be used as a nutritious snack especially for kids which could be a means of increasing fish consumption