An Ecological Study of Red Junglefowl (Gallus Gallus Spadiceus) in Agriculture Areas

A two-year study on the ecology of Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) was conducted in five selected agriculture areas in the state of Selangor. In the first year (from August 1995 to July 1996), the study was done in three areas viz. rubber plantation, 22-year old oil palm plantation and orchard area at Universiti Putra Malaysia. In the second year (from August 1996 to July 1997), another two areas viz. 4-year and 8-year old oil palm plantations at Sungai Sedu Estate, Selangor were selected. Red Junglefowl density was estimated by transect survey. The densities in 4-year, 8-year and 22-year old oil palm plantations, orchard area and rubber plantation were 84.221km2, 27.801km2, 21,431km2, 15.661km2 and 6.061km2 respectively. Male and female ratio was 1:1.25. The abundance of arthropods did not seem to affect the density of Red Junglefowl. Four Red Junglefowls were radio tagged in oil palm plantation to observe the home range size and movement. The Red Junglefowl tracking was made by triangulation technique. The daily and monthly home range of male was larger than that of female and also the total daily movement of male was larger than female. The maximum home range size of male and female were 312.50 ha and 49.07 ha respectively. The study on breeding ecology showed that generally, one male was observed with a single female and rarely with two to four females. A total of 95 nests were observed during the entire period of study. The Red Junglefowl breeds throughout the year with a peak in December 1996. The mean clutch size was 4.08 eggs. The incubation period in captivity was approximately 19.5 days. The hatching percentage of eggs in nature was 99% whereas, the rate of desertion of nests was 80%. The predators of eggs and chicks in the agriculture areas were stray dogs, snakes, monitor lizards and big carnivorous birds. Foraging ecology of Red Junglefowls shows that they fed in open areas early in the morning and evening and the rest of the day they fed under trees. They are opportunistic feeders and ate a variety of animal and plant components. The male Red Junglefowl consumed oil palm fruit more than the female whereas the female consumed more animal materials than the male. Roosting ecology shows that the Red Junglefowl preferred horizontal branch/frond for roosting at night and changed branches and trees from time to time. The roosting height varied between 5 to 9 m in orchard area and 4 to 12 m in oil palm plantations. Red Junglefowl departed about 3 minutes earlier before sunrise and roosted about 6 minutes before sunset. The male Red Junglefowl crowed for finding or attracting a mate and for announcing or protecting its territory. The crowing frequency was high when a nonterritorial male entered the territory of a territorial male. Alarm calls were given by both sexes when there was a danger especially when predators were nearby

Roosting Habits of Red Junglefowl in Orchard Area

The roosting habits of Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) was studied in an in orchard area of University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia, planted with Chiku (Achras sapota), Cempedak (Artocarpus integer), Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), Pulasan(Nephelium mutabili), Durian (Durio zibethinus) and Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum iners). Roosting trees were identified when the Red Junglefowls started to crow early in the morning and late evening. The study showed that the Red Junglefowl preferred Cempedak trees. One male was observed to use the same Cempedak tree for 33 days and a Rambutan tree for 9 days. Males and females generally roosted at about the same height from the ground. Roosting height varied between 5 m and 9 m depending upon the tree species. Hens with chicks roosted lower (4 m) than those without chicks. Red Junglefowl left the roosting tree before sunrise and went to roost before sunset. Females went to roost earlier than males and the males departed the roosting tree earlier than females

Effect of arthropods abundance on the red junglefowl population in oil palm plantation habitat

The study was conducted for one year in the 4-year and 8-year old oil palm plantation at Sungai Sedu Estate, Selangor, Malaysia, to observe whether the abundance of arthropods affects the density of red junglefowl (Callus gallus spadiceus). The arthropods were collected by three methods i.e., litter, pitfall and sweep net. The results indicated that the arthropods abundance in both the study areas was found to be almost similar. It is suggested that arthropods abundance has little effect on the density of red junglefowl in oil palm plantation

One Belt and One Road: Does China-Pakistan Economic Corridor benefit for Pakistan’s Economy?

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of China have adored long-lasting and friendly ties – regardless of their ideological differences, evident in their very names. This article discusses economic cooperation between China and Pakistan with Chinese investment in Pakistani infrastructural growth. The plan was successfully launched to establish an economic corridor between China and Pakistan for which the two countries have signed contracts on the proposal for Pakistan China Economic Corridor (CPEC). The challenges in the political, security, and economic fields include political instability and insecurity. However looking at the CPEC, China should not bound it to the bilateral relations, but mull it over with a regional and comprehensive vision. China should encourage the Economic Corridor projects with the assistance of its "resilient power" in energy, transportation and infrastructure along with the "flexible power" of the Chinese and Pakistani think tanks, mass media, educational exchanges, strong cooperation and make arrangements for the complete implementation of the "One Belt and One Road" initiative. Keywords: CPEC, China-Pakistan, Bilateral Tarde, FTA, FDI, One Belt and One Roa

A comprehensive study on the Bayesian modelling of extreme rainfall: A case study from Pakistan

AbstractIn this paper, the modelling of extreme rainfall is carried out in Pakistan by analysing annual daily maximum rainfall data via frequentist and Bayesian approaches. In frequentist settings, the parameters and return levels of the best fitted probabilistic model (i.e., generalized extreme value) are estimated using maximum likelihood and linear moments method. On the other side, under the Bayesian framework, the parameters and return levels are calculated both for noninformative and informative priors. This task is completed with the help of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method using the Metropolis‐Hasting algorithm. This study also highlights a procedure to build an informative prior through historical records of the underlying processes from other nearby weather stations. The findings attained from the Bayesian paradigm demonstrate that the posterior inference could be affected by the choice of past knowledge used for the construction of informative priors. Additionally, the best method for the modelling of extreme rainfall over the country is decided with the support of assessment measures. In general, the Bayesian paradigm linked with the informative priors offers an adequate estimations scheme in terms of accuracy as compared to frequentist methods, accounting for ambiguity in parameters and return levels. Hence, these findings are very helpful in adopting accurate flood protection measures and designing infrastructures over the country

PRIMARY GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOUR OF THE PROSTATE: A CASE REPORT OF A RARE TUMOUR

A 70-year-old gentleman underwent prostatectomy for bladder outlet obstruction due to enlarged prostate and was found to have primary extragastrointestinal stromal tumour (EGIST). He has been started on imatinib therapy and is presently on follow-up. Prostatic EGIST should be one of the differential diagnoses in patients with enlarged prostate with normal prostate-specific antigen levels.Key words: Prostate, gastrointestinal stromal tumour, PSA 

Variation in home range size exhibited by Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) in oil palm plantation habitat, Malaysia.

A Radio telemetry study on Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) was conducted in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation at Sungai Sedu Estate, Selangor, Malaysia from October 1996 to July 1997. The main objective of the study was to examine the ranging behaviour of the species. Four Red Junglefowls (3 males and 1 female) were caught using decoy and leg trap method. They were then equipped with single stage 16 g transmitters and were radio-tracked using Mariner 57 receiver. The radiolocation was taken every 30 minutes by triangulation. The results show that the daily and monthly home range size of male was greater than that of a female. Similarly the home range size of a male without a female was greater than with a female. Environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration and cloud cover have no effect on the size of home range. The movement (distance travelled) contributes 49.1% of the variability on home range size. The total daily movement of male was greater than that of a female. The Red Junglefowl travelled more in the morning than in the afternoon and evening. In general, the size of home range varies according to several factors such as when the male is establishing and defending its territory. Habitat destruction and predators may also affect the home range size

Lexicogrammatical Features of Covid-19: A Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Corpus Based Analysis

The outbreak of Covid-19 has influenced people worldwide and has led to generate a bulk of literature in the form of awareness campaigns, research reports, blogs, etc. The text and corpus produced, thus is of interest to the language researchers and linguists. According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), the corpus of a language helps to theorize the language as it provides authentic, representative, and quantitative data. The wordCovid-19since its coinage appears in the corpora as a lexeme with a particular grammatical structure. This study focuses on the lexicogrammar of the node word Covid-19in the Covid-19 corpus of 224,061,570 words available on the Sketch Engine. The design of this research focuses on the perspective of systemic functional grammar to analyze the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of the word COVID-19. We found that it occurred 423× times as a noun in the corpus of 1.51 per million tokens. The word-sketchofCovid-19includesinfect, spread, fight as syntagmatically related and the word pandemic, epidemic, disease, outbreak, caseas paradigmatically related. However, the same lexeme may enter into both relationships like COVID-19 and disease, Covid-19 and epidemic. They enter into a systemic contrast, and they also collocate. The lexico-grammatical environment of Covid-19 in the corpus shows the dichotomy of emergency and safety; chaos and health care responsibility; and pandemic and health care systems. This analysis helps in understanding how lexico-grammatical systems and structures relate to meaning-making process

PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN PATIENTS SUFFERED FROM MIGRAINE

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety in migraine patients. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Location and duration: In the Psychiatry Department of Mayo hospital Lahore for one year duration from June 2017 to June 2018. Methods: The patient was diagnosed as migraine and headache was included in the analysis. According to the designed criteria by International Headache Society the migraine diagnosis was made. Patients were included regardless of gender and age. Only subjects who met the inclusion criteria were included. If necessary, routine or relevant investigations were conducted. After the subjects were selected, the Depression Scale and Hospital Anxiety was applied to the patients. All results were calculated and saved in a designed format. The data were analyzed, tabulated and compiled using the 18 version of SPSS. Results: 65 women (63.8%) and 37 men (36.2%) were treated with migraine with a minimum age of 11 years and a maximum age of 71 years. Most of the patients (76%) are between 21 and 51 years of age. Psychiatric morbidity was found in 58 patients (56.8%) using the Urdu-approved version of the Depression Scale and Hospital Anxiety with a 11-21 score for depression and anxiety. Therefore, 44 subjects (42.91%) were not recommended for psychiatric treatment. From fifty eight patients with positive psychiatric cases, 23 were male and 35 (60%) were females. Of these, 25 (43%) had anxiety, 18 (31%) had depression and 15 (27%) had depression and anxiety. Of the fifty eight patients receiving psychiatric treatment, 80% were between 21 and 50 years of age. Conclusion: Migraine has a strong relationship with depression and anxiety. The prevalence of this association may be affected by age and gender. Key words: Anxiety, migraine, HADS, depression

DOES PATHOLOGICAL T3A UPSTAGING OF CLINICAL T1 STAGE HAS ANY DIFFERENCE ON LONG-TERM SURVIVAL WHEN COMPARED TO PATHOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL T1 STAGE RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

Background: A high number of clinical T1 (cT1) stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is upstaged to pathological T3a (pT3a) stage on histopathological findings. Several study results show that there is no survival difference among those cT1 stage who are upstaged on histopathological findings to those who remain pT1 stage RCC.Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess any survival difference for cT1 stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) which is upstaged to pT3a stage as compared to those which remain pT1 stage RCC on histopathological findings.Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective cohort study looking at patient aged ≥18 years with cT1 RCC who underwent nephrectomy between January 2006 and December 2016. Patients were divided into two groups based on histopathological findings (pT1 vs. pT3a). Survival was analysed for the  two groups using Kaplan–Meier method, and the difference in survival was calculated using log-rank model.Results: The study included 187 patients. The mean age at presentation was 52.56 years, with 58.3% of the patients being male while 41.7% were female. The most common presentation was incidental diagnosis (50.3%). Overall5-year survival for cT1a and pT1a RCC was 68% while that for cT1a and pT3a RCC was 100%. There was no significant survival difference among the two groups (P = 0.316). The overall 5-year survival for cT1b and pT1b RCC was 81% while that for cT1b and pT3a was 65%. There was no significant survival difference among the two groups (P = 0.136).Conclusion: We found no survival difference in cT1 RCC who were upstaged to pT3a on histopathology as compared to cT1 RCC-staged pT1 on histopathology.Key words: Clinical T1 stage, pathological T3a stage, radical nephrectomy, renal cell carcinoma, surviva