Representaciones políticas y legales de las sinergias entre el estado y la religión

The aim of the article is devoted to analyzing political and legal representations of the concepts of relations between two public institutions: the Church and the State, suggested by modern academics. Emphasis has been placed on the fact that the model of the religious and power synergy has been transformed by the existing system of values and is legally enshrined. The general dialectical scientific method enabled the authors to consider the problem of reformation of the religious legislation in the Russian Federation at the present stage; to demonstrate the changes in the religious legislation of the Russian Federation depending on a combination of internal and external factors affecting it. The results of the study let the authors draw the following conclusions:  the institution of religion in the modern world cannot avoid participation in settlement of political processes. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a mechanism for implementation of constitutional principles for the ties between the State and the Church.El objetivo del presente artículo es considerar los estudios de los científicos sobre el poder y la sinergia religiosa en las relaciones entre el Estado y la religión como institución social. El método científico dialéctico general permitió a los autores considerar el problema de la reforma de la legislación religiosa en la Federación de Rusia en la etapa actual; demostrar los cambios en la legislación religiosa de la Federación de Rusia en función de una combinación de factores internos y externos que la afectan. Los resultados del estudio permitieron a los autores sacar las siguientes conclusiones: la institución de la religión en el mundo moderno no puede evitar la participación en el arreglo de los procesos políticos. Por tanto, es necesario desarrollar un mecanismo de implementación de los principios constitucionales para los vínculos entre el Estado y la Iglesia

Induction of beta defensin 2 by NTHi requires TLR2 mediated MyD88 and IRAK-TRAF6-p38MAPK signaling pathway in human middle ear epithelial cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>All mucosal epithelia, including those of the tubotympanium, are secreting a variety of antimicrobial innate immune molecules (AIIMs). In our previous study, we showed the bactericidal/bacteriostatic functions of AIIMs against various otitis media pathogens. Among the AIIMs, human β-defensin 2 is the most potent molecule and is inducible by exposure to inflammatory stimuli such as bacterial components or proinflammatory cytokines. Even though the β-defensin 2 is an important AIIM, the induction mechanism of this molecule has not been clearly established. We believe that this report is the first attempt to elucidate NTHi induced β-defensin expression in airway mucosa, which includes the middle ear.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Monoclonal antibody blocking method was employed in monitoring the TLR-dependent NTHi response. Two gene knock down methods – dominant negative (DN) plasmid and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – were employed to detect and confirm the involvement of several key genes in the signaling cascade resulting from the NTHi stimulated β-defensin 2 expression in human middle ear epithelial cell (HMEEC-1). The student's <it>t</it>-test was used for the statistical analysis of the data.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The experimental results showed that the major NTHi-specific receptor in HMEEC-1 is the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Furthermore, recognition of NTHi component(s)/ligand(s) by TLR2, activated the Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR)-MyD88-IRAK1-TRAF6-MKK3/6-p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway, ultimately leading to the induction of β-defensin 2.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study found that the induction of β-defensin 2 is highest in whole cell lysate (WCL) preparations of NTHi, suggesting that the ligand(s) responsible for this up-regulation may be soluble macromolecule(s). We also found that this induction takes place through the TLR2 dependent MyD88-IRAK1-TRAF6-p38 MAPK pathway, with the primary response occurring within the first hour of stimulation. In combination with our previous studies showing that IL-1α-induced β-defensin 2 expression takes place through a MyD88-independent Raf-MEK1/2-ERK MAPK pathway, we found that both signaling cascades act synergistically to up-regulate β-defensin 2 levels. We propose that this confers an essential evolutionary advantage to the cells in coping with infections and may serve to amplify the innate immune response through paracrine signaling.</p