UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KENIKIR (TAGETES ERECTA L.) TERHADAP MORTALITAS LARVA AEDES AEGYPTI INSTAR III

Demam berdarah dengue merupakan penyakit infeksi virus dengue dengan nyamuk Aedes aegypti sebagai vektor penularan. Salah satu cara yang efektif mengurangi angka mortalitas dan morbiditas demam berdarah yaitu dengan menghambat rantai pertumbuhan nyamuk Aedes aegypti pada fase larva instar III menggunakan larvasida nabati. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas dan konsentrasi minimal ekstrak etanol daun kenikir (Tagetes erecta L.) terhadap mortalitas larva Aedes aegypti instar III. Penelitian analitik eksperimental ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 6 perlakuan dan 4 pengulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari ekstrak etanol daun kenikir (Tagetes erecta L.) konsentrasi 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm dan 2000 ppm, kontrol positif (Abate 100 ppm) dan kontrol negatif (aquades). Data yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian dipastikan terdistrisbusi secara normal dan homogen melalui uji Saphiro-Wilk dan uji Levene selanjutnya dilakukan uji Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan analisis Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak etanol daun kenikir dapat menyebabkan kematian larva Aedes aegypti instar III dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,00 (? < 0,05). Hasil uji Duncan menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan antara kontrol positif dan ekstrak etanol daun kenikir 2000 ppm tidak berbeda nyata namun pada konsentrasi 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm dan kontrol negatif berbeda nyata. Hasil uji probit dengan Lethal Concentration 50% adalah 1337,75 ppm. Daya larvasida ekstrak etanol daun kenikir (Tagetes erecta L.) diduga berasal dari senyawa fitokimia alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, fenol dan triterpenoid (steroid). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ekstrak etanol daun kenikir (Tagetes erecta L.) berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas larva Aedes aegypti instar III.Kata kunci: Aedes aegypti, Tagetes erecta L., mortalita

Stock assessment and population dynamics of Senegal Jack, Caranx senegallus Cuvier, 1833, from industrial fishery of Cote d’Ivoire (West Africa)

Monthly data of C. senegallus length composition, was recorded from the continental shelf of Côte d’Ivoire from March 2016 to February 2018. The population parameters such as length-frequency distribution, length-weight relationship, growth, mortality, exploitation ratio and length at first capture of this species were investigated to get information for effective management of this fish, by applying Beverton and Holt (1957), virtual population analysis (VPA), using the FISAT Tool II. The lengthfrequency distribution of 804 samples showed polymodal distribution. The folk length ranged from 16.10 to 47.00 cm with a mean equal to 25.68 ± 0.23 cm. The statistical analysis shows that the combined sexes (“b” = 2.9793), and male (“b” = 3.0199) growth is isometric. However, female (“b” = 2.9489) growth is negative allometric. The estimated growth parameters were: FL ∞ = 51.45 cm, K = 0.46 year-1 and t0 = -0.31 year-1. The length at first capture was 19.04 cm (FL). The current exploitation rate (E = 0.33), was lower than the optimum level (E = 0.36). VPA indicate that the fish which die by natural mortality are higher than those which die by fishing mortality. These results show that the current stock of C. senegallus is not overexploited. Keywords: Carangidae, Caranx senegallus, Stock, Population parameters, Fishery &nbsp; English Title: Gestion des stocks et dynamique des populations du carangue du sénégal, caranx Senegallus Cuvier, 1833, de la pêche industrielle de côte d’ivoire (Afrique de l’ouest) Les données mensuelles sur la composition en taille de C. senegallus, ont été enregistrées sur le plateau continental de la Côte d’Ivoire entre mars 2016 et février 2018. Les paramètres de population tels que la distribution des fréquences de taille, la relation longueur-poids, la croissance, la mortalité, le taux d’exploitation et la taille de première capture de cette espèce ont été étudiés pour obtenir des informations permettant une gestion efficace du stock de ce poisson, par la méthode de Beverton et Holt (1957) et l’analyse de population virtuelle, grâce au logiciel FISAT II. La distribution des fréquences de taille de 804 individus a montré une distribution polymodale. La longueur à la fourche variait de 16,10 à 47,00 cm avec une moyenne égale à 25,68 ± 0,23 cm. L’analyse statistique montre que la croissance des sexes combinée (“b” = 2,9793) et des mâles (“b” =&nbsp; 3,0199) est isométrique. Tandis que, la croissance des femelles (“b” = 2,9489) est allométrique négative. Les paramètres de croissance estimés ont&nbsp; été les suivants : FL ∞ = 51,45 cm, K = 0,46 an-1 et t0 = - 0,31 an-1. La longueur à la première capture a été de 19,04 cm (FL). Le taux d’exploitation&nbsp; actuel (E = 0,33), était inférieur au niveau optimal (E = 0,36). L’Analyse des Populations Virtuelles indique que les poissons qui meurent par mortalité naturelle sont plus élevés que ceux qui meurent par mortalité par pêche. Ces résultats montrent que le stock actuel de C. senegallus n’est pas&nbsp; surexploité. Mots clés : Carangidae, Caranx senegallus, Stock, Paramètres des populations, Pêcheri

Arterial hypertension in young adults and its relation with calcemic levels

La tesis de que un incremento en el con-tenido de calcio en la dieta protege contra la hiperten-sión ha sido ensayada en estudios epidemiológicos, de experimentación animal y ensayos clínicos en seres hu-manos. En 1992 el efecto antihipertensivo del calcio se atribuía a la inhibición del factor paratiroideo hipertensivo (PHF), el cual induce hipertensión arterial incrementando los niveles intracelulares de calcio, por aumento de su captación por la musculatura lisa de los vasos sanguí-neos. Los efectos del PHF son también bloqueados por los antagonistas de los canales de calcio. Esto explica la aparente paradoja de que tanto el calcio, como los bloqueadores de los canales de calcio tengan efecto an-tihipertensivo. Según los resultados del estudio de mujeres de Iowa en Estados, una elevada ingestión de calcio, no solo favore-ce la reducción de las cifras de tensión arterial, sino que también disminuye el riesgo de muerte por enfermedad isquémica del corazón, al menos en mujeres posmeno-páusicas. La asociación entre la ingestión de calcio y la tensión arterial no es lineal, sino sigmoidal, lo cual sig-nifica que existe un umbral para la ingestión de calcio, por debajo del cual el riesgo de hipertensión aumenta exponencialmente, siendo en adultos jóvenes puede ser de 400 mg/d y en adultos mayores es de 1.200 a 1.500 mg/d. Antecedentes de estudios propios sobre factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en adultos jóvenes) muestran la asociación de los mismos con el estado nutricional y hábitos alimenticios. La hipótesis del proyecto es que los niveles de hipocalcemia se asocian con valores de hipertensión arterial. El objetivo principal es tratar de proporcionar con los niveles de hipocalcemia, una he-rramienta diagnostica complementaria para la patología hipertensiva en etapas donde la misma no se encuentra instalada. Secundariamente es encontrar a la deficiencia nutricional de calcio como un factor predisponente a la hipertensión arterial en adultos jóvenes

Growth and in vivo stresses traced through tumor mechanics enriched with predator-prey cells dynamics

Mechanical stress accumulating during growth in solid tumors plays a crucial role in the tumor mechanobiology. Stresses arise as a consequence of the spatially inhomogeneous tissue growth due to the different activity of healthy and cancer cells inhabiting the various districts of the tissue, an additional piling up effect, induced by stress transferring across the scales, contributing to determine the total stress occurring at the macroscopic level. The spatially inhomogeneous growth rates accompany nonuniform and time-propagating stress profiles, which constitute mechanical barriers to nutrient transport and influence the intratumoral interstitial flow, in this way deciding the starved/feeded regions, with direct aftereffects on necrosis, angiogenesis, cancer aggressiveness and overall tumor mass size. Despite their ascertained role in tumor mechanobiology, stresses cannot be directly appraised neither from overall tumor size nor through standard non-invasive measurements. To date, the sole way for qualitatively revealing their presence within solid tumors is ex vivo, by engraving the excised masses and then observing opening between the cut edges. Therefore, to contribute to unveil stresses and their implications in tumors, it is first proposed a multiscale model where Volterra-Lotka (predator/prey–like) equations describing the interspecific (environment-mediated) competitions among healthy and cancer cells are coupled with equations of nonlinear poroelasticity. Then, an experimental study on mice injected subcutaneously with a suspension of two different cancer cell lines (MiaPaCa-2 and MDA.MB231) was conducted to provide experimental evidences that gave qualitative and some new quantitative confirmations of the theoretical model predictions

Gastrin and cholecystokinin peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals: an in vivo and in vitro comparison

The development of suitable radioligands for targeting CCK-2 receptor expressing tumors, such as medullary thyroid carcinoma, is of great clinical interest. In the search for the best CCK-2R binding peptides, we have synthesized, evaluated and compared the CCK8 peptide (Asp-Tyr-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-PheNH(2) ) and two gastrin analogs commonly referred to as MG0 (DGlu-Glu(5)-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-PheNH(2) ) and MG11 (DGlu(1)-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-PheNH(2) ). The N-terminal portion of the three peptide sequences was derivatized by introducing the DTPAGlu or DOTA chelators to allow radiolobeling with (111) In(III) and (68) Ga(III), respectively. Saturation binding and cellular internalization experiments were performed on A431 cells overexpressing CCK2R (A431-CCK2R). All compounds showed Kd values in the nM range and were internalized with similar rates in CCK2 receptor overexpressing cells. Biodistribution experiments showed higher specific uptake of both MG0-based compounds compared to conjugates containing the CCK8 and MG11 peptide sequences. The higher retention levels of MG0-based peptides were associated with markedly elevated and undesired kidney uptake compared to the other compounds. Current indications suggest that the 5 Glu N-terminal residues while improving peptide stability and receptor-mediated tumor uptake cause unacceptably high kidney retention. Although displaying lower absolute tumor uptake values, the DOTA-coupled CCK8 peptide provided the best tumor to kidney uptake ratio and appears more suitable as lead compound for improvement of radiopharmaceutical properties

Middle Meningeal Artery Arising from the Basilar Artery

Various anomalies for the origin of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) have been described in the literature. However, origin of the MMA from the basilar trunk is an extremely rare variant. We report on a 54-year-old female who presented with frequent headaches; magnetic resonance imaging showed a right parietal meningioma. The abnormal origin of the middle meningeal artery from the basilar artery was diagnosed by angiography performed for preoperative embolization of the tumor. We report on the case with a review of the embryologic basis, possible explanations for this aberrant origin, and its clinical implications

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of In-111-DTPAGlu-G-CCK8 for cholecystokinin-B receptor imaging

Regulatory peptides and their analogs are being extensively investigated as radiopharmaceuticals for cancer imaging and therapy. Receptors of the cholecystokinin family have been shown to be overexpressed in different types of neuroendocrine tumors. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the cholecystokinin octapeptide amide (CCK8) peptide tagged with a diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid derivative (DTPAGlu) and to test whether a 111In-labeled conjugate (111In-DTPAGlu-G-CCK8, a derivative containing the chelating agent DTPAGlu bound through a glycine linker at the N-terminal end of the bioactive peptide CCK8) is suitable for cholecystokinin-B receptor (CCKBR) imaging. Methods: CCK8 was synthesized by solidphase techniques and covalently coupled to DTPAGlu through a glycine linker at its amino terminus. The compound was labeled with 111In. The radiochemical purity and stability of the compound were assessed by chromatographic methods. NIH-3T3 and A431 cells overexpressing CCKBR were used to characterize the in vitro properties of the compound. Nude mice bearing control and CCKBR-overexpressing A431 xenografts were used as an in vivo model. Results: DTPAGlu-G-CCK8 showed rapid and efficient labeling with 111In. The radiolabeled conjugate showed specific binding to both cell lines overexpressing CCKBR. Binding was saturable, with a dissociation constant of 20 nmol/L in both cell systems. Both cell lines showed internalization of the ligand after interaction with the receptor. Biodistribution studies showed rapid localization of 111In-DTPAGlu- G-CCK8 on CCKBR-overexpressing A431 xenografts that was severalfold higher than that on control tumors at all time points tested. Unbound activity showed rapid clearance of over 80% through the kidneys by 30 min after injection. The labeled peptide conjugate was very stable in serum but showed a rapid breakdown after injection. Incubation with kidney homogenates suggested that most breakdown occurred in the kidneys, favoring the clearance of unbound activity. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of 111In-DTPAGlu-G-CCK8 are favorable for CCKBR imaging, as thepeptide shows high-affinity binding to the receptor, is internalized in CCKBR-expressing cells, and shows avid uptake in CCKBR-overexpressing xenografts, with rapid clearance of unbound radioactivity through the kidneys. Furthermore, the ease of synthesis, high labeling efficiency, and chemical stability of DTPAGlu make this chelating moiety an ideal candidate for widespread use in peptide radiolabeling for nuclear medicine applications

Peptide-containing aggregates as selective nanocarriers for therapeutics

New nanocarriers are obtained by assembling two amphiphilic monomers: one containing the bioactive peptide CCK8 spaced, by a polydisperse poly(ethylene glycol), from two hydrophobic tails ((C18)2PEG2000CCK8), and the other containing a chelating agent able to give stable radiolabeled indium-111 complexes linked to the same hydrophobic moiety ((C18)2DTPAGlu). The size and shape of the supramolecular aggregates were structurally characterized by dynamic light scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, and cryogenic transmission electronic microscopy. Under the experimental conditions we investigated (pH 7.4 and molar ratio between monomers 30:70), there is the presence of high polydisperse aggregates: rod-like micelles with a radius of 40 Å and length >700 Å, open bilayer fragments with thickness 65 Å, and probably vesicles. The presence of the bioactive peptide well exposed on the external surface of the aggregate allows selective targeting of nanocarriers towards the cholecystokinin receptors overexpressed by the cancerous cells. In vitro binding assays and in vivo biodistribution studies by nuclear medicine experiments using indium-111 are reported. Moreover, preliminary data concerning the drug loading capability of the aggregates and their drug efficiency on the target cells is reported by using the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin. Incubation of receptor-positive and control cells with peptide-containing aggregates filled with doxorubicin shows significantly lower cell survival in receptor-expressing cells relative to the control, for samples incubated in the presence of doxorubicin

Activism, affect, identification: trans documentary in France and Spain and its reception

This article explores the documentation of trans activism in France and Spain since the 2000s. The first part addresses questions surrounding the place of affect and narrative in documentary film, particularly in relation to trans issues. The second part o f the article analyses an audience case study from a screening at the International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival in Barcelona of Valérie Mitteaux's Girl or Boy, My Sex is not my Gender (2011), considering how different viewers respond to the representatio n of trans identities. The article builds on qualitative research whilst extending the exploration of sexuality and gender in previous audience studies to a consideration of documentary film, seeking to provide a more nuanced understanding of what audience claims for identification in politicised contexts mean

The [Tc(N)(PNP)]2+ metal fragment labeled cholecystokinin-8 (CCK8) peptide for CCK-2 receptors imaging: in vitroand in vivo studies

The radiolabeling of the natural octapeptide CCK8, derivatized with a cysteine residue (Cys-Gly-CCK8), by using the metal fragment [99mTc(N)(PNP3)]2+ (PNP3 = N,N-bis(dimethoxypropylphosphinoethyl)methoxyethylamine) is reported. The [99mTc(N)(NS-Cys-Gly-CCK8)(PNP3)]+ complex was obtained according to two methods (one-step or two-step procedure) that gave the desired compound in high yield. The complex is stable in aqueous solution and in phosphate buffer. In vitro challenge experiments with an excess of cysteine and glutathione indicate that no transchelation reactions occur, confirming the high thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of this compound. Stability studies carried out in human and mouse serum, as well as in mouse liver homogenates, show that the radiolabeled compound remains intact for prolonged incubation at 37 degrees C. Binding properties give Kd (19.0 +/- 4.6 nmol/l) and Bmax (approximately 10(6) sites/cell) values in A431 cells overexpressing the CCK2-R. In vivo evaluation of the compound shows rapid and specific targeting to CCK2-R, a fourfold higher accumulation compared to nonreceptor expressing tumors