78 research outputs found
What Determines the Implementation of IMF Programs?
For many years analysis of IMF conditionality overlooked the extent to which it was implemented. However, more recently increasing attention has been paid to implementation. Theoretical contributions have focused on the importance of special interest groups, but empirical evidence has failed to provide compelling support for the theory. Indeed, empirical studies have reported mixed results that sometimes seem to be conflicting. This paper identifies a range of economic, political and institutional factors that may, in principle, influence implementation. Using various measures of implementation, it then tests an econometric model designed to capture these influences over 1992-2004 exploiting improved sources of data. The results suggest that significant determinants of implementation are trade openness, the existence of veto players and the amount of resources committed by the Fund. The paper offers an interpretation of the results and discusses the implications for policy.IMF, Implementation
Turkey and the IMF: A case study in the political economy of policy implementation
IMF programs, Conditionality, Implementation, Turkey, Political economy of implementation, F33, E61, E65,
European Union's common foreign and security policy and Turkey from a rational institutionalist outlook
Since the starting of accession talks in 3 October 2005, Turkey's bid to the European Union has been a long contested debate. This thesis analyzes the European Union's CFSP and Turkey's relations with the EU from a rational institutionalist perspective. What is known as the European Union today has come a long way from being merely trade club to an economic and political entity on its own right. Within this respect, the research question in this thesis demonstrates that, the European Union started out with an administrative body to manage the common market on steel and coal, and in less than a half-century turned out to be a complex network of institutions where member states transferred some of their competences to this supranational level. In the EU's urge to form a more robust common foreign and security policy, a possible inclusion of Turkey in the EU will bring strategic benefits as well as possible costs linked with it. In other words, the Turkish accession to the EU will bring substantial material benefits to European security and this acts as a factor influencing member state preferences, and to a certain extent the public's view towards Turkey
Heat-resistant hydrophobic-oleophobic coatings
Thermally and chemically durable hydrophobic oleophobic coatings, containing different ceramic particles such as SiO2, SiC, Al 2O3, which can be alternative instead of Teflon, have been developed and applied on the aluminum substrates by spin-coating method. Polyimides, which are high-thermal resistant heteroaromatic polymers, were synthesized, and fluor oligomers were added to these polymers to obtain hydrophobic-oleophobic properties. After coating, Al surface was subjected to Taber-abrasion, adhesion, corrosion, and thermal tests. The effects of the particle size of ceramic powders, organic matrix, and heat on the coating material were investigated. Coating material was characterized by FTIR spectrophotometer. Surface properties and thermal resistance of the coating materials were investigated by SEM and TGA analyses. After thermal curing, contact angles of these coatings with H2O and n-hexadecane were measured. It was observed that coatings like ceramic particles are more resistant against scratch and abrasion than the other coatings. Also, they are harder than coatings, which do not include ceramic particles. It was seen that coatings, containing Fluorolink D10H, have high-contact angles with water and n-hexadecane
And the first shall be the last
This study analyzes the puzzle of Hungarian economic drifting in a long run perspective. The underlying puzzle for the investigation is why bad policies are invariably popular and good policies unpopular, thus why political and economic rationality never overlap. The first part of the article summarizes in eight points the basic features of the postwar period. Then six lessons are offered, which might be useful for other countries in transition or for students of comparative economics and politics, lessons that can be generalized on the basis of the individual country experience
Influence of folate-targeted gold nanoparticles on subcellular localization and distribution into lysosomes
The cell interaction, mechanism of cell entry and intracellular fate of surface decorated nanoparticles are known to be affected by the surface density of targeting agents. However, the correlation between nanoparticles multivalency and kinetics of the cell uptake process and disposition of intracellular compartments is complicated and dependent on a number of physicochemical and biological parameters, including the ligand, nanoparticle composition and colloidal properties, features of targeted cells, etc. Here, we have carried out an in-depth investigation on the impact of increasing folic acid density on the kinetic uptake process and endocytic route of folate (FA)-targeted fluorescently labelled gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). A set of AuNPs (15 nm mean size) produced by the Turkevich method was decorated with 0â100 FA-PEG3.5kDa-SH molecules/particle, and the surface was saturated with about 500 rhodamine-PEG2kDa-SH fluorescent probes. In vitro studies carried out using folate receptor overexpressing KB cells (KBFR-high) showed that the cell internalization progressively increased with the ligand surface density, reaching a plateau at 50:1 FA-PEG3.5kDa-SH/particle ratio. Pulse-chase experiments showed that higher FA density (50 FA-PEG3.5kDa-SH molecules/particle) induces more efficient particle internalization and trafficking to lysosomes, reaching the maximum concentration in lysosomes at 2 h, than the lower FA density of 10 FA-PEG3.5kDa-SH molecules/particle. Pharmacological inhibition of endocytic pathways and TEM analysis showed that particles with high folate density are internalized predominantly by a clathrin-independent process
The implementation of IMF-supported programmes : an empirical investigating using complementary methodologies
The implementation of IMF-supported programmes : an empirical investigating using complementary methodologies
ChemInform Abstract: OLIGOPHOSPHINE LIGANDS. PART 2. âÎŒ-C3â-TRISPHOSPHINES BY DIRECT PHOSPHINE-ALLYLPHOSPHINE COUPLING
ChemInform Abstract: OLIGOPHOSPHINE LIGANDS. X. ALKYL AND ARYL COMPLEXES OF IRIDIUM AND RHODIUM. ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS OF IRIDIUM AND RHODIUM. XXIII. CHELATE PHOSPHINE-SUBSTITUTED IRIDAHETEROCYCLES OF THE FORM CYCLIC (CHEL-P3)IRH(C(O)C6H4-NMENCH2-2)
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