NMR and μ+\mu^{+}SR detection of unconventional spin dynamics in Er(trensal) and Dy(trensal) molecular magnets

Measurements of proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectra and relaxation and of Muon Spin Relaxation ($\mu^{+}$SR) have been performed as a function of temperature and external magnetic field on two isostructural lanthanide complexes, Er(trensal) and Dy(trensal) featuring crystallographically imposed trigonal symmetry. Both the nuclear 1/T1 and muon $\lambda$ longitudinal relaxation rates, LRR, exhibit a peak for temperatures T lower than 30K, associated to the slowing down of the spin dynamics, and the width of the NMR absorption spectra starts to increase significantly at T ca. 50K, a temperature sizably higher than the one of the LRR peaks. The LRR peaks have a field and temperature dependence different from those previously reported for all Molecular Nanomagnets. They do not follow the Bloembergen-Purcell-Pound scaling of the amplitude and position in temperature and field and thus cannot be explained in terms of a single dominating correlation time $\tau$c determined by the spin slowing down at low temperature. Further, for T lower than 50K the spectral width does not follow the temperature behavior of the magnetic susceptibility chi. We suggest, using simple qualitative considerations, that the observed behavior is due to a combination of two different relaxation processes characterized by the correlation times $\tau$LT and $\tau$HT, dominating for T lower than 30K and T higher than 50K, respectively. Finally, the observed flattening of LRR for T lower than 5K is suggested to have a quantum origin

Investigating masking effects of age trends on the correlations among tree ring proxies

Age-related trends are present in tree-ring widths (TRW), but their presence in tree rings isotope is debated. It is unclear how cambial age influences the relationships between TRW and isotopes. Tree-ring isotopes of alpine larch and cembran-pine trees showed only trends in the juvenile period (>100 years), which might mask the inter-relations between tree-ring proxies during cambial age. This work tries to unmask the age-trend influences by examining the correlations in TRW-stable isotopes with and without age-trend correction. The non-detrended and linear-detrended values of TRW, of δD and δ18O showed significant correlations for ages up to 100 years, but not afterward. However, the correlation values, after spline or first-difference time-series detrending, were not age-related. Thus, detrending methods affect the correlations in the juvenile phase and may affect climate-related interpretations. The correlations between TRW and δ13C were not age-related, while those among the isotopes were significant throughout the ages. The correlation between δ13C and δD was the exception, as it became significant only after age > 100 years, suggesting a different use of reserves in the juvenile phase. In conclusion, the relationships among the tree-ring parameters are stable in all the different detrend scenarios after the juvenile phase, and they can be used together in multi-proxy paleoclimatic studies. The data of the juvenile phase can be used after spline-detrending or first-difference time-series calculation, depending on the purpose of the analysis to remove age-related trends. The work also provides clues on the possible causes of juvenile age trends

Augmented Reality to Engage Visitors of Science Museums through Interactive Experiences

In the last years, interactive exhibitions based on digital technologies have become widely common, thanks to their flexibility and effectiveness in engaging visitors and creating memorable experiences. One of the topics in which digital technologies can be particularly effective is the communication of abstract concepts that are difficult for the human mind to imagine. An emblematic example is the astronomy discipline, which requires us to imagine and understand phenomena far away from our everyday life. In this paper, the authors present a research project, MARSS, in which digital technologies are used effectively to enhance the Users' Experience of the Museo Astronomico di Brera located in Milan. Specifically, the MARSS project aims at designing and developing a new digital journey inside the museum to allow different categories of visitors to enjoy the exhibition in an engaging and interactive way. The paper presents the design and development phases of the experience and its evaluation with users. The results of the evaluation indicate that the digital interactive experience is appreciated by users and is successful in translating the content of high scientific value into more engaging and easily understandable elements

Exosome determinants of physiological aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases

Aging is consistently reported as the most important independent risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. As life expectancy has significantly increased during the last decades, neurodegenerative diseases became one of the most critical public health problem in our society. The most investigated neurodegenerative diseases during aging are Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) and Parkinson disease (PD). The search for biomarkers has been focused so far on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Recently, exosomes emerged as novel biological source with increasing interest for age-related neurodegenerative disease biomarkers. Exosomes are tiny Extracellular vesicles (EVs; 30\u2013100 nm in size) released by all cell types which originate from the endosomal compartment. They constitute important vesicles for the release and transfer of multiple (signaling, toxic, and regulatory) molecules among cells. Initially considered with merely waste disposal function, instead exosomes have been recently recognized as fundamental mediators of intercellular communication. They can move from the site of release by diffusion and be retrieved in several body fluids, where they may dynamically reflect pathological changes of cells present in inaccessible sites such as the brain. Multiple evidence has implicated exosomes in age-associated neurodegenerative processes, which lead to cognitive impairment in later life. Critically, consolidated evidence indicates that pathological protein aggregates, including A\u3b2, tau, and \u3b1-synuclein are released from brain cells in association with exosomes. Importantly, exosomes act as vehicles between cells not only of proteins but also of nucleic acids [DNA, mRNA transcripts, miRNA, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)] thus potentially influencing gene expression in target cells. In this framework, exosomes could contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underneath neurodegenerative diseases and could represent a promising source of biomarkers. Despite the involvement of exosomes in age-associated neurodegeneration, the study of exosomes and their genetic cargo in physiological aging and in neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy. Here, we review, the current knowledge on protein and ncRNAs cargo of exosomes in normal aging and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases

Cabergoline Withdrawal Before and After Menopause : Outcomes in Microprolactinomas

Natural course of prolactinomas after menopause is not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to compare recurrence rate after cabergoline withdrawal in premenopausal vs. postmenopausal women with microprolactinoma. Sixty-two women with microprolactinoma treated with cabergoline for at least 1 year and followed for 2 years after drug withdrawal were retrospectively selected. Patients were divided into two groups: 48 patients stopped cabergoline before menopause ("PRE" group), while 14 after menopause ("POST" group). Recurrence was defined by prolactin levels above normal, confirmed on two occasions. Overall, 39/62 women relapsed. Patients who relapsed apparently had higher prolactin before withdrawal (median 216.2, range 21.2-464.3 mIU/L) compared with those in long-term remission (94.3, 29.7-402.8 mIU/L; p < 0.05), and the risk of recurrence seemed lower in POST women (4/14, 29%) than in PRE ones (35/48, 73%, p < 0.005, OR 0.149, 95% CI 0.040-0.558). However, none of the factors (prolactin before withdrawal, menopausal status, treatment duration, complete adenoma regression) showed a correlation with recurrence risk in multivariate analysis. The best strategy able to optimize CBG treatment and withdrawal's outcomes is still to be defined in microprolactinomas. Postmenopausal status cannot reliably predict long-term remission, and follow-up is needed also in women of this age

Anti-inflammatory effects of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition in monocytes/macrophages from alzheimer’s disease patients

Growing evidence shows that the immune system is critically involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis and progression. The modulation and targeting of peripheral immune mechanisms are thus promising therapeutic or preventive strategies for AD. Given the critical involvement of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in modulating immune functions, we investigated the potential role of the main elements of such a system, namely type-1 and type-2 cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), in distinct immune cell populations of the peripheral blood of AD patients. We found that, compared to healthy controls, CB1 and CB2 expression was significantly lower in the B-lymphocytes of AD patients. Moreover, we found that CB2 was significantly lower and FAAH was significantly higher in monocytes of the same subjects. In contrast, T-lymphocytes and NK cells did not show any variation in any of these proteins. Of note, monocytic CB2 and FAAH levels significantly correlated with clinical scores. Furthermore, the pharmacological inactivation of FAAH in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages obtained from AD patients was able to modulate their immune responses, by reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12, and enhancing that of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Furthermore, FAAH blockade skewed AD monocyte-derived macrophages towards a more anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving phenotype. Collectively, our findings highlight a central role of FAAH in regulating AD monocytes/macrophages that could be of value in developing novel monocyte-centered therapeutic approaches aimed at promoting a neuroprotective environment

Long-term hydrogeophysical monitoring of the internal conditions of river levees

To evaluate the vulnerability of the earthen levee of an irrigation canal in San Giacomo delle Segnate, Italy, a customized electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) monitoring system was installed in September 2015 and has been continuously operating since then. Thanks to a meteorological station deployed at the study site, we could investigate the relationship between the inverted resistivity values and different parameters, namely air temperature, rainfall and water level in the canal. Air temperature seems to have a minor but not negligible influence on resistivity variations, especially at shallow depth. A model of soil temperature versus depth was used to correct resistivity sections for air temperature variations through the different seasons. Changes of the water level in the canal and rainfall significantly affect measured resistivity values. At the study site, the most important variations of resistivity are related to saturation and dewatering processes in the irrigation periods. Although we explored the effect of drawdown procedures on resistivity data, this process, causing rapid variations of resistivity values, is still not completely understood because the canal is rapidly emptied during rainfall events. Therefore, the effect of variations of the water level in the canal on levee resistivity cannot be distinguished from the effect of rainfalls. To study the effect of water level variations alone, we considered the beginning of the irrigation period when the dry canal is gradually filled and we observed a smooth trend of resistivity changes. The effect of rainfall on the data was studied during different periods of the year and at different depths of the levee so that the resistivity variations could be evaluated under different conditions. To convert the inverted resistivity sections into water content maps, an empirical and site-dependent relationship between resistivity and water content was obtained using core samples. Water content data can then be used for the implementation of stability analysis using custom modeling. This study introduces an efficient technique to monitor earthen levees and to control the evolution of seepage and water saturation in pseudo-real time. Such a technique can be exploited by Public Administrations to reduce hydrogeological risks significantly

Efficacy of Nutritional Interventions as Stand-Alone or Synergistic Treatments with Exercise for the Management of Sarcopenia

Sarcopenia is an age-related and accelerated process characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength/function. It is a multifactorial process associated with several adverse outcomes including falls, frailty, functional decline, hospitalization, and mortality. Hence, sarcopenia represents a major public health problem and has become the focus of intense research. Unfortunately, no pharmacological treatments are yet available to prevent or treat this age-related condition. At present, the only strategies for the management of sarcopenia are mainly based on nutritional and physical exercise interventions. The purpose of this review is, thus, to provide an overview on the role of proteins and other key nutrients, alone or in combination with physical exercise, on muscle parameters