19 research outputs found

    Assessment of experimental methods for measurements of the horizontal flow of fluidized solids under bubbling conditions

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    Dual fluidized bed systems are indispensable for future energy systems that require solids cycling between different atmospheres. However, controlling the residence time of solids in the reactor, which is crucial for controlling the heat and mass transfer of the fuel, is a significant challenge. This study investigates four experimental techniques to quantify the horizontal flow of solids fluidized under bubbling conditions: integral mass accumulation; differential mass accumulation; thermal tracing; and magnetic solids tracing. Integral mass accumulation entails collecting bed material using a defluidized box within a given time period. Differential mass accumulation measures the material accumulation rate in a section of the bed that is monitored using pressure measurements. Thermal tracing calculates the solids flow rate by solving the heat balance to match the temperature field captured by a thermographic camera. Magnetic solids tracing involves injecting a batch of magnetic tracer solids into the reactor and then measuring the residence time distribution using impedance coils. The experiments were conducted under down-scaled conditions that resemble large-scale operations with a length scaling factor of 0.12. For this study, three operational parameters were varied: the fixed bed height; the volumetric flow rate of the conveying air; and the fluidization velocity in the bed. The horizontal solids circulation rates achieved ranged from 1.7 710−4 to 10 kg/m\ub7s, corresponding to 1.2 710−3 to 70 kg/m\ub7s on a hot up-scaled basis, which is a relevant range to indirect biomass gasification in an industrial setting. The three selected operational parameters led to increases in the horizontal solids flow. While all four methods replicated the trends, quantitative variations in the measured circulation rates occurred due to the inherent characteristics of the methods. High circulation rates resulted in a continuous decrease in the solids inventory, leading to an underestimation of the circulation rate when using the integral mass accumulation method. The accuracy of the differential mass accumulation method relied on transient pressure measurements, which were less-effective at low solids flow rates. Conversely, the accumulation time required for pressure measurements was reduced at high circulation rates, resulting in uncertainties in the analysis. The accuracy of the thermal tracing method decreased drastically with higher solids circulation, resulting in an overestimation of the circulation rate. Moreover, low circulation rates adversely affected the accuracy of the magnetic solids tracing by producing barely discernible tracer concentration gradients

    En narrativ analys av Sovjetunionens ledare : FrÄn Lenin till Gorbatjov

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    Denna undersökning har i syfte att undersöka hur Vladimir Lenin, Josef Stalin, Nikita Chrusjtjov, Leonid Brezjnev och Michail Gorbatjov framstÀlls i den kommunistiska tidningen Norrskensflamman. Det görs genom att studera artiklar i tidningen dÀr deras namn dyker upp. Undersökningen analyserar med stöd i narrativ textanalys för att kunna utröna pÄ vilket sÀtt de framstÀlls. Med begrepp hÀmtad frÄn narrativ analys framkom det tydligt att empirin bestod till en stor del av större narrativ. De tvÄ mest centrala begreppen i den narrativa analysen Àr komplicerande handling och utvÀrdering. Detta eftersom i berÀttelser i sagans vÀrld Àr det ett problem som ska lösas och en aktör i berÀttelsens vÀrld som ska lösa det. Det andra begreppet som Àr det mest tydliga Àr utvÀrdering/diskurs. DÀr vÀnder sig texten direkt till lÀsaren och talar om för lÀsaren vad meningen var med berÀttelsen. Resultatet visar pÄ att ledarna i Sovjetunionen fick iklÀs olika roller. Lenin exempelvis fick rollen som revolutionens rÀddare/ledare, han dyker upp tÀmligen spontant pÄ vÀrldsscenen och rÀddar Sovjetryssland nÀr det behövdes som mest. Rollerna som de iklÀs svarar ocksÄ till behovet av ett syfte som var nödvÀndigt för tiden. Undersökningen visar ocksÄ pÄ att behovet av den typ av hjÀltar minskade med tiden och mot slutet av 1970-talet blev artiklarna i Norrskensflamman mindre centrerade kring aktörer. Under Brejznevs tid vid makten bestod artiklarna exempelvis av kortare rapporteringar för att till slut inte alls nÀmna Michail Gorbatjov som var den sista ledaren i Sovjetunionen

    En narrativ analys av Sovjetunionens ledare : FrÄn Lenin till Gorbatjov

    No full text
    Denna undersökning har i syfte att undersöka hur Vladimir Lenin, Josef Stalin, Nikita Chrusjtjov, Leonid Brezjnev och Michail Gorbatjov framstÀlls i den kommunistiska tidningen Norrskensflamman. Det görs genom att studera artiklar i tidningen dÀr deras namn dyker upp. Undersökningen analyserar med stöd i narrativ textanalys för att kunna utröna pÄ vilket sÀtt de framstÀlls. Med begrepp hÀmtad frÄn narrativ analys framkom det tydligt att empirin bestod till en stor del av större narrativ. De tvÄ mest centrala begreppen i den narrativa analysen Àr komplicerande handling och utvÀrdering. Detta eftersom i berÀttelser i sagans vÀrld Àr det ett problem som ska lösas och en aktör i berÀttelsens vÀrld som ska lösa det. Det andra begreppet som Àr det mest tydliga Àr utvÀrdering/diskurs. DÀr vÀnder sig texten direkt till lÀsaren och talar om för lÀsaren vad meningen var med berÀttelsen. Resultatet visar pÄ att ledarna i Sovjetunionen fick iklÀs olika roller. Lenin exempelvis fick rollen som revolutionens rÀddare/ledare, han dyker upp tÀmligen spontant pÄ vÀrldsscenen och rÀddar Sovjetryssland nÀr det behövdes som mest. Rollerna som de iklÀs svarar ocksÄ till behovet av ett syfte som var nödvÀndigt för tiden. Undersökningen visar ocksÄ pÄ att behovet av den typ av hjÀltar minskade med tiden och mot slutet av 1970-talet blev artiklarna i Norrskensflamman mindre centrerade kring aktörer. Under Brejznevs tid vid makten bestod artiklarna exempelvis av kortare rapporteringar för att till slut inte alls nÀmna Michail Gorbatjov som var den sista ledaren i Sovjetunionen

    Preschool in combination with other activities : Which are the consequences?

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    VÀxjö kommun har ont om ledig mark vilket har medfört att en undersökning harpÄbörjats, dÀr förskolor kombineras med andra verksamheter i en och sammabyggnad. Syftet har varit att undersöka möjligheten med dessa kombinationer för attse vilka konsekvenser som uppstÄr. Undersökningen behandlar tvÄ tomter i VÀxjö som har olika förutsÀttningar gÀllandedess detaljplaner. Resultatet visar att en kombination mellan de olika verksamheternaÀr möjligt men att dagens regler och standardiseringar inte alltid gÄr att ta hÀnsyn tillvid dessa kombinationer

    Examination of chemical-looping combustion of gaseous fuels by 1-dimensional modeling and experiments

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    This work presents a 1-dimensional model for the fuel reactor in chemical looping combustion (CLC) with gaseous fuels. Modeled fuel conversion is in good agreement with experimental data from a 300W CLC unit using syngas as fuel and ilmenite as oxygen carrier. The sub-model for the solids fluid dynamics is based on semi-empirical expressions derived and typically used in regular fluidized bed air combustion. These expressions have here been experimentally validated for conditions relevant to chemical looping combustion with data from a 100 kW CLC unit and a cold flow model of the same unit. Fuel conversion is modeled accounting for both heterogeneous and homogeneous kinetics and assuming a classical twophase flow approach for which the influence of the correlation chosen for the gas interchange coefficient is found to have a slight influence the results

    Examination of chemical-looping combustion of gaseous fuels by 1-dimensional modeling and experiments

    No full text
    This work presents a 1-dimensional model for the fuel reactor in chemical looping combustion (CLC) with gaseous fuels. Modeled fuel conversion is in good agreement with experimental data from a 300W CLC unit using syngas as fuel and ilmenite as oxygen carrier. The sub-model for the solids fluid dynamics is based on semi-empirical expressions derived and typically used in regular fluidized bed air combustion. These expressions have here been experimentally validated for conditions relevant to chemical looping combustion with data from a 100 kW CLC unit and a cold flow model of the same unit. Fuel conversion is modeled accounting for both heterogeneous and homogeneous kinetics and assuming a classical twophase flow approach for which the influence of the correlation chosen for the gas interchange coefficient is found to have a slight influence the results

    Modeling and scale analysis of gaseous fuel reactors in chemical looping combustion systems

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    This work investigates the up-scaling to commercial scale of chemical looping combustion (CLC); a next-generation technology for carbon capture and storage. Focus lies on the bottom bed, which is considered to be the critical region in up-scaling due to its large solids inventory combined with relatively inefficient gas-solids contact. Two CLC reactors of vastly different size (bench and utility scale) are studied in order to discern the difference in effects related to up-scaling. A 1-dimensional model is used in order to simulate the units studied. The model considers kinetics dependent on the degree of oxidation of the oxygen carrier and a population distribution of the oxygen carriers, whose mixing accounts for both convective and dispersive transport. The model is validated against bench scale data and applied to evaluate the performance of a 1000 MWth CLC fuel reactor using either syngas or methane as fuel.Using the model, sensitivity analyses are carried out to depict the effect on the fuel conversion of several parameters such as solids circulation, oxygen carrier reactivity, bed height and maximum bubble size allowed. It is shown that mass transfer of gas from bubbles to the emulsion phase represents a strongly limiting factor for fuel conversion in the bottom bed of utility scale fuel reactors
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