High resolution MFM: Simulation of tip sharpening

The transfer functions of tips with various sharpened tip ends were calculated and the resolution of these tips was estimated by considering the resolution limit due to thermal noise at room temperature. The tip having an ellipsoidal tip end (ellipsoidal tip) is found to be a suitable candidate for high-resolution magnetic force microscopy. Sharpening of the flat tip end makes zero signal frequencies disappear for tips with ellipticities larger than tan45/spl deg/. The sensitivity shows a maximum around an ellipticity of tan80/spl deg/. The ellipsoidal tip shows a much smaller tip thickness dependence compared to the tip having a flat tip end because only the tip end mainly contributes to signals in case of the ellipsoidal tip

Nematic-Isotropic Spinodal Decomposition Kinetics of Rod-like Viruses

We investigate spinodal decomposition kinetics of an initially nematic dispersion of rod-like viruses (fd virus). Quench experiments are performed from a flow-stabilized homogeneous nematic state at high shear rate into the two-phase isotropic-nematic coexistence region at zero shear rate. We present experimental evidence that spinodal decomposition is driven by orientational diffusion, in accordance with a very recent theory.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures, accepted in Phys. Rev.

Kinetic pathways of the Nematic-Isotropic phase transition as studied by confocal microscopy on rod-like viruses

We investigate the kinetics of phase separation for a mixture of rodlike viruses (fd) and polymer (dextran), which effectively constitutes a system of attractive rods. This dispersion is quenched from a flow-induced fully nematic state into the region where the nematic and the isotropic phase coexist. We show experimental evidence that the kinetic pathway depends on the overall concentration. When the quench is made at high concentrations, the system is meta-stable and we observe typical nucleation-and-growth. For quenches at low concentration the system is unstable and the system undergoes a spinodal decomposition. At intermediate concentrations we see the transition between both demixing processes, where we locate the spinodal point.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, accepted in J. Phys.: Condens. Matter as symposium paper for the 6th Liquid Matter Conference in Utrech

Treatment of hypophosphatemia in the intensive care unit: a review

Introduction: Currently no evidence-based guideline exists for the approach to hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the medical literature to identify the incidence, symptoms, and treatment of hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients. Specifically, we searched for answers to the questions whether correction of hypophosphatemia is associated with improved outcome, and whether a certain treatment strategy is superior. Results: Incidence: hypophosphatemia is frequently encountered in the intensive care unit; and critically ill patients are at increased risk for developing hypophosphatemia due to the presence of multiple causal factors. Symptoms: hypophosphatemia may lead to a multitude of symptoms, including cardiac and respiratory failure. Treatment: hypophosphatemia is generally corrected when it is symptomatic or severe. However, although multiple studies confirm the efficacy and safety of intravenous phosphate administration, it remains uncertain when and how to correct hypophosphatemia. Outcome: in some studies, hypophosphatemia was associated with higher mortality; a paucity of randomized controlled evidence exists for whether correction of hypophosphatemia improves the outcome in critically ill patients. Conclusions: Additional studies addressing the current approach to hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients are required. Studies should focus on the association between hypophosphatemia and morbidity and/or mortality, as well as the effect of correction of this electrolyte disorde

Critical slowing down in momentary affect as early warning signal of impending transitions in depression

Based on dynamical systems theory, the current study aimed to investigate if recurrence of depression is systematically preceded by within-person early warning signals (EWS) in positive and negative affect. Ecological momentary assessments were collected 5 times a day for a period of 4 months (averaging 524 assessments per individual) in 37 formerly depressed individuals discontinuing antidepressant medication. EWS (increases in window autocorrelation and variance) preceded recurrence of depression in 32.9% of the participants across robustness checks. Compared to participants that remained in remission, participants with a recurrence showed (1) significantly more positive trends in the variance, but not in autocorrelation, and (2) the average number of significant EWS was over three times larger across tested affect variables. Although the results provide the first systematic evidence that EWS occur more often before the recurrence of depression, the low sensitivity of EWS poses a substantial challenge for clinical applications

Detecting impending symptom transitions using early warning signals in individuals receiving treatment for depression

Background: The path to depressive symptom improvement during therapy is often complex, as many individuals experience periods of instability and discontinuous symptom change. If the process of remission follows complex dynamic systems principles, early warning signals (EWS) may precede such depressive symptom transitions. Aims: We aimed to test whether EWS, in the form of rises in lag-1 autocorrelation and variance, occur in momentary affect time series preceding transitions towards lower levels of depressive symptoms during therapy. We also investigated the presence of EWS in patients without symptom transitions. Methods: In a sample of 41 depressed individuals who were starting psychological treatment, positive affect and negative affect (high and low arousal) were measured five times a day using ecological momentary assessments (EMA) for four months (521 observations per individual on average; yielding 25,197 observations in total), and depressive symptoms were assessed weekly over six months. We used a moving window method and time-varying autoregressive generalized additive modeling (TV-AR GAM) to determine whether EWS occurred in these momentary affect measures, within-persons. Results: For the moving-window autocorrelation, 89% of individuals with transitions showed at least one EWS in one of the variables (versus 62.5% in the no-transition group), and the proportion of EWS in the separate variables was consistently higher (~44% across affect measures) than for individuals without transitions (~27%). Rising variance was found for few individuals, both preceding transitions (~11%) and for individuals without a transition (~12%). Conclusions: The process of symptom remission showed critical slowing down in at least part of our sample. Our findings indicate that EWS are not generic across all affect measures and may have limited value as a personalized prediction method

Anticipating Transitions in Mental Health in At-Risk Youths:A 6-Month Daily Diary Study Into Early-Warning Signals

If psychopathology behaves like a complex dynamic system, sudden onset or worsening of symptoms may be preceded by early-warning signals (EWSs). EWSs could thus reflect personalized warning signals for impending psychopathology. We empirically investigated this hypothesis in at-risk youths (N = 122, mean age = 23.6 ± 0.7 years, 57% males) from the clinical cohort of Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS-CC), who provided daily emotion assessments for 6 months. We analyzed whether EWSs (rising autocorrelations and standard deviations in emotions) preceded transitions toward psychopathology. Across indicators and a range of analytical options, EWSs had low sensitivity (M = 26%, SD = 11%) and moderate specificity (M = 75%, SD = 14%). Thus, in the present sample, the proposed generic nature and clinical utility of EWSs could not be substantiated. Given this finding, we call for a more nuanced view on the application of complex-dynamic-systems principles to psychopathology and lay out key questions to be addressed in the future

Association between nutrition self-efficacy, health locus of control and food choice motives in consumers in nine European countries

We investigated associations between food choice motives and psychological determinants of dietary health behaviour change (nutrition self-efficacy, NS-E, and health locus of control, HLoC) among 9381 participants (18 to 65 years, 49.4% females) from nine European countries. Price was the highest rated food choice motive. Higher importance of all motives was associated with higher NS-E and with higher Internal HLoC. Relationships between food choice motives and External HLoC were also in the expected direction in showing negative associations with Health, Natural Content, Weight Control, Mood and Sensory Appeal. Higher External HLoC was also associated with perceived greater importance of ‘external’ motives Ethical Concern, Familiarity and Convenience. Relationships between External HLoC and food choice motives were not all in the expected direction. Price was unrelated to External HLoC. Females rated the importance of all motives higher than males. People with less education ascribed greater importance to Price in motivating food choices. Together, these findings imply that self-efficacy and health locus of control should be considered along with motivations for food choice in dietary health promotion