A PLL frequency synthesizer and Gilbert cell multiplier for a 916 MHz ISM band transmitter realized in 0.5 [mu]m [i.e. micrometer] CMOS technology

This thesis is a study of the design of a 3rd order phase lock loop (PLL) and Gilbert cell multiplier to implement a 916MHz ISM band transmitter in 0.5μm CMOS technology. The transmitter is designed for implementing distributed biosensor systems for environmental monitoring. The transmitter is described from a system level with the discussion of design issues concerning system topology and communication signal requirements as related to project requirements. The PLL system is described as a negative feedback system and important design considerations are discussed. Each PLL and transmitter system component is analyzed and discussed. A prototyped double balanced Gilbert cell multiplier with a power gain of 8dB, -10dBm compression point, and dissipates 7.2mW of power is analyzed and presentedThe analysis and design of a prototyped current mode logic frequency divider with a fixed division factor of 256 is presented. The frequency divider dissipated 15mW of power for a -20dBm 916 MHz input signal with a maximum operating frequency of 1.8 GHz. An off-chip LC tank voltage controlled oscillator was prototyped with a tuning range of 120 MHz, dissipated 3.3mW, -15dBm single-ended output signal, and had a phase noise performance of -60dBc at a 10 kHz offset and -80dBc at 100 kHz offset is analyzed and presentedThe design and simulation issues of a digital phase frequency detector (PFD), charge pump, and loop filter is presented. The charge pump was designed to source or sink a 10 μA current for an output voltage to within 0.1 V of the power supply voltages. Results show that the final transmitter can be successfully implemented with the prototyped and simulated transmitter components

Accelerating Actionable Sustainability Science Science Funding, Co-Production, and the Evolving Social Contract for Science

Disruptions to our climate and other systems critical to sustaining life on Earth increasingly call for aggressive societal action. Science can help inform these actions, yet a gap between scientific knowledge production and use persists. Whereas science has traditionally separated itself from society, alternative models of producing science seek out inspiration from societal needs and interact with potential users during the research process. Previous studies indicate more engaged and collaborative approaches to producing science, or co-production, can generate more actionable scientific knowledge while also enabling more inclusive research cultures. Despite growing inclination across the science system to co-produce knowledge, it remains unclear how co-production will contribute at the speed and scale demanded by unfolding crises in climate and sustainability. For example, scaling up co-production must attend to its potentially high costs, navigate diverse inputs of expertise, perspectives and values, while at the same time demonstrating meaningful progress on solutions. This dissertation contributes new, more extensive empirical data and analysis about the drivers and mechanisms of co-production with the aim to better understand how to accelerate the development of actionable sustainability science. Going beyond the existing case-specific literature, I investigate a large number of applied research projects and science funding programs to explore the role of public funding as a mechanism for changing the way science is produced and used. Specifically, I ask three questions: 1) Can funding requirements that encourage more interaction between scientists and users lead to an increase in scientific knowledge co-production? 2) To what extent do research practices, especially those related to co-production, result in more knowledge use? 3) To what extent is science funding already reshaping the way science engages with society? In the first half of the dissertation, I create a new database of coastal and estuarine research projects (n=120) and conduct interviews with grantees and intended users (n=40). This data shows how funding program design changes that require collaboration with users cultivate the practice of co-production, resulting in more intensive interactions and increasing evidence of knowledge use over time. I also find that this more deliberate effort to fund and co-produce usable science does not, on its own, help overcome the longstanding methodological obstacles that its study entails. In the second half, I explore the wider landscape of public science funding. First, I review recent science policy literature about what types of funding program design changes may influence research practice and outcomes. Then, I analyze science funding program solicitations (n=33) and interview program managers (n=61) in the U.S. and Europe. This fieldscan depicts science funders actively considering how science best engages with society and deploying numerous strategies that could reshape underlying societal expectations for science. Overall, this dissertation documents a transition toward collaborative models of research practice and sponsorship, an evolution that may accelerate progress in linking science with solving sustainability problems. Capitalizing on future opportunities for learning through experimentation with different research modes and funding styles is still necessary to advance a more practice-relevant science of actionable knowledge.PHDResource Policy & Behavior PhDUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153466/1/arnott_1.pd

Part A: Cirrus ice crystal nucleation and growth. Part B: Automated analysis of aircraft ice particle data

Specific measurement of cirrus crystals by aircraft and temperature modified CN are used to specify measurements necessary to provide a basis for a conceptual model of cirrus particle formation. Key to this is the ability to measure the complete spectrum of particles at cirrus levels. The most difficult regions for such measurement is from a few to 100 microns, and uses a replicator. The details of the system to automate replicator data analysis are given, together with an example case study of the system provided from a cirrus cloud in FIRE 2, with particles detectable by replicator and FSSP, but not 2DC

Smoking in social housing among adults in England, 2015–2020: a nationally representative survey

Objectives: To analyse associations between living in social housing and smoking in England and to evaluate progress towards reducing disparities in smoking prevalence among residents of social housing compared with other housing types. / Design: Cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative data collected between January 2015 and February 2020. / Setting: England. / Participants: 105 562 adults (≥16 years). / Primary and secondary outcome measures: Linear and logistic regression were used to analyse associations between living in social housing (vs other housing types) and smoking status, cigarettes per day, time to first cigarette, exposure to others’ smoking, motivation to stop smoking, quit attempts and use of cessation support. Analyses were adjusted for sex, age, social grade, region and year. / Results: Adults living in social housing had two times the odds of being a smoker (ORadj=2.17, 95% CI 2.08 to 2.27), and the decline in smoking prevalence between 2015 and 2020 was less pronounced in this high-risk group (−7%; ORadj=0.98, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.01) than among adults living in other housing types (−24%; ORadj=0.95, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.96; housing tenure–survey year interaction p=0.020). Smokers living in social housing were more addicted than those in other housing types (smoking within 30 min of waking: ORadj=1.50, 95% CI 1.39 to 1.61), but were no less motivated to stop smoking (ORadj=1.06, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.17) and had higher odds of having made a serious attempt to quit in the past year (ORadj=1.16, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.25). Among smokers who had tried to quit, those living in social housing had higher odds of using evidence-based cessation support (ORadj=1.22, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.39) but lower odds of remaining abstinent (ORadj=0.63, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.76). / Conclusions: There remain stark inequalities in smoking and quitting behaviour by housing tenure in England, with declines in prevalence stalling between 2015 and 2020 despite progress in the rest of the population. In the absence of targeted interventions to boost quitting among social housing residents, inequalities in health are likely to worsen

Bioclimatic and Soil Moisture Monitoring Across Elevation in a Mountain Watershed: Opportunities for Research and Resource Management

Soil moisture data are critical to understanding biophysical and societal impacts of climate change. However, soil moisture data availability is limited due to sparse in situ monitoring, particularly in mountain regions. Here we present methods, specifications, and initial results from the interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON), a soil, weather, and ecological monitoring system in the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Initiated in 2012, the network is currently composed of nine stations, distributed in elevation from 1,890 to 3,680 m, that continually collect and transmit measurements of soil moisture at three depths (5, 20, and 50 cm), soil temperature (20 cm), and meteorological conditions. Time‐lapse cameras for phenological observations, snow depth sensors, and periodic co‐located vegetation surveys complement selected stations. iRON was conceived and designed with the joint purpose of supporting bioclimatic research and resource management objectives in a snow‐dominated watershed. In the short term, iRON data can be applied to assessing the impact of temperature and precipitation on seasonal soil moisture conditions and trends. As more data are collected over time, iRON will help improve understanding of climate‐driven changes to soil, vegetation, and hydrologic conditions. In presenting this network and its initial data, we hope that the network’s elevational gradient will contribute to bioclimatic mountain research, while active collaboration with partners in resource management may provide a model for science‐practice interaction in support of long‐term monitoring.Plain Language SummaryAs climate change drives shifts in temperature and precipitation, researchers and resource managers can benefit from improved monitoring of soil moisture. Understanding the relationship between soil moisture and other system components is crucial to improving water availability projections and understanding ecosystem responses to climate change. Despite their significance, in‐ground soil‐moisture measurements are often not available across multiple elevations within a single watershed. This paper presents a network in the Southern Rocky Mountains intended to help address this data gap and compliment data from other networks. The interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network consists of nine locations across an 1,800‐m change in elevation. Each station measures soil moisture at three depths, soil temperature, air temperature, humidity, and precipitation. Some stations are equipped with cameras or snow depth gauges, and for eight sites vegetation surveys are conducted. The data are available through a simple data portal. The network was established with local resource manager support, and one of its guiding purposes is to support management and restoration planning efforts. Because of the network’s ongoing monitoring across multiple elevations and habitats, interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network will provide researchers and resource managers with access to valuable information about changes in soil conditions in a changing climate.Key PointsSoil moisture is key to understanding and predicting change in hydrology and ecology amid climate variability and changeIn situ soil moisture and weather monitoring data are now available across an 1,800‐m elevation span in a mountain watershedThe network is supported and guided by resource managers and supports both research and resource management goalsPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149210/1/wrcr23834_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149210/2/wrcr23834.pd

Falling Incapacity Benefit claims in a former industrial city: policy impacts or labour market improvement?

This article provides an in-depth study of Incapacity Benefit (IB) claims in a major city and of the factors behind their changing level. It relates to the regime prior to the introduction of the Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) in 2008. Glasgow has had one of the highest levels of IB in Britain with a peak of almost one fifth of the working age population on IB or Severe Disablement Allowance (SDA). However, over the past decade the number of IB claimants in Glasgow, as in other high claiming areas, has fallen at a faster rate than elsewhere, and Glasgow now has twice the national proportion of working-age people on IB/SDA rather than its peak of three times. The rise in IB in Glasgow can be attributed primarily to deindustrialisation; between 1971 and 1991, over 100,000 manufacturing jobs were lost in the city. Policy response was belated. Lack of local statistics on IB led to a lengthy delay in official recognition of the scale of the issue, and targeted programmes to divert or return IB claimants to work did not begin on any scale until around 2004. Evidence presented in the article suggests that the reduction in claims, which has mainly occurred since about 2003, has been due more to a strengthening labour market than to national policy changes or local programmes. This gives strong support to the view that excess IB claims are a form of disguised unemployment. Further detailed evaluation of ongoing programmes is required to develop the evidence base for this complex area. However, the study casts some doubt on the need for the post-2006 round of IB reforms in high-claim areas, since rapid decline in the number of claimants was already occurring in these areas. The article also indicates the importance of close joint working between national and local agencies, and further development of local level statistics on IB claimants