Streamlining the New Zealand civil justice system : is it time for further reform? : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management (Dispute Resolution) at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

This paper examines the state of the New Zealand civil justice system and questions whether it is time for further reform. It has been just over a century since the legal profession was urged by Dean Roscoe Pound to address the problems of delay and poor administration. Since that time things have become progressively worse. The demand on court resources has been ever increasing and may even be greater today than what they were in 1906. Failure to address these mounting pressures on the judicial system could eventually render the affective administration of justice impossible. World-wide civil justice systems have experienced numerous problems - such as delay, excessive cost and complexity. Overseas jurisdictions have already examined their civil justice systems and implemented reform. Previously, New Zealand has implemented some of the reforms found overseas, for example, case management systems. However, like the overseas jurisdictions, these reforms have limited success. This limited success led to the Law Commission proposing a complete change of the lower Court system. This paper discusses the reforms which overseas jurisdictions have implemented, previous reforms? of the New Zealand civil justice system and the Law Commissions proposed restructure of the courts. Finally, this paper recommends ways in which New Zealand could reform its civil justice system to ensure that it offers a cost effective, simple and speedy way to resolve disputes

FReD: The floral reflectance spectra database

Floral reflectance measurements are of great value to researchers who need consider the real colour of flowers, for example in the context of how the flowers appear to their pollinators. We have thus developed the Floral Reflectance Database (FReD) to assist these researchers, gathering together floral reflectance data in a publicly available, searchable online database. The first version of the database is now available online at "http://www.reflectance.co.uk":http://www.reflectance.co.uk. We anticipate that this resource will be of interest to researchers working on flower colour and animal vision

Redacted: The Iraqi War according to YouTube

REDACTED: THE IRAQI WAR ACCORDING TO YOUTUBE Using the increasingly popular format and style of the mockumentary or 'found footage', Brian de Palma's Redacted (2007) aims to present one minor yet horrific event of war through the media with which contemporary audiences are, by this stage, familiar: amateur footage (such as that uploaded to YouTube and other sites daily), video-messaging, news and documentary footage, as well as CCTV and other surveillance footage. The proliferation of such war images may point to the collapsing of spatial and geographical boundaries by bringing the war closer to home and by making it more personal. Yet, as the film indicates, this very imagery serves to depersonalize war for the spectator-viewer, as well as for the participants and soldiers, who perceive themselves as filmmakers and stars. Indeed throughout the film 'found' excerpts from Arab, French and US media point to the globalized investment in..

POLICY AND PRACTICE TARGETING THE LABOUR MARKET INTEGRATION OF NON-EU NATIONALS IN IRELAND. ESRI RESEARCH SERIES NUMBER 89 JUNE 2019

Increases in immigration inflows to both the European Union (EU) and Ireland between 2014 and 2016, due in part to the ‘refugee and migrant crisis’, have resulted in an increased focus on integration policies, outcomes and measures, including in the area of labour market integration. Employment is crucial for the integration of migrants into the economic and social life of their host country, so labour market integration is a very important part of integration policy (European Commission, 2016). In recent years, many Member States have updated existing labour market integration policies or have developed new ones. Ireland, like the majority of EU Member States (EMN, 2019), pursues a policy of mainstreaming service provision in the area of integration, with targeted initiatives to meet specific needs. This study first considers labour migration policy, which manages and shapes overall access of non-European Economic Area (EEA) nationals to the Irish labour market.1 Under the employment permits system administered by the Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation (DBEI), non-EEA nationals may apply to access the Irish labour market. The report then looks at specific policies and measures which aim to improve labour market integration for non-EU nationals living in Ireland. The focus is on labour integration measures for regularly staying non-EU nationals with a right to work. Measures specifically targeting non-EEA students, graduates, asylum seekers and beneficiaries of international protection are beyond the study scope. The effect of general labour market and social policy provision in Ireland on labour market integration is also outside the scope. Examples of public and private sector practices are discussed together with examples of community sector practices that receive public funds

Gender, Money, and the Charity Organization Society: 1900-1919

This project looks at the work of the Charity Organization Society of New York from 1900 until 1919. Using reports, case histories, meeting minutes, and fundraising material, it concentrates on the ways in which the performance of gender intersected with definitions of expertise and access to money in the lives of both the social workers themselves and their clients. It begins with an overview of the Charity Organization Society\u27s evolution from a largely volunteer charity organization focused on the morality of the poor to an organization that would become key to the development of social work as a profession. Then it looks at the monetary compensation given to early social workers and makes connections between ideas regarding masculinity, femininity, expertise, and professionalism to examine their pay. Thirdly, the paper examines two areas in which early social workers claimed expertise -- budgeting and cleanliness -- and explores the ways in which these claims were closely related to the proper performance of gender. Lastly, the paper looks closely at interactions between social workers and their clients, paying close attention to the ways in which the proper performance of gender determined the clients\u27 access to money and the ways in which the clients attempted to resist social workers\u27 attempts to police their lives. Overall, the paper demonstrates that ideas regarding expertise and gender were key to determining access to money for both social workers and their clients

APPROACHES TO UNACCOMPANIED MINORS FOLLOWING STATUS DETERMINATION IN IRELAND. ESRI RESEARCH SERIES NUMBER 83 DECEMBER 2018

An estimated 45,500 unaccompanied minors – children below the age of 18 who are not in the care of, or accompanied by, a responsible adult – lodged asylum applications globally in 2017,1 representing a 33 per cent increase since 2014 (34,300) (UNHCR, 2018). In 2017, over 650,000 people lodged an application for international protection in the European Union (EU) (Eurostat, 2018a), 31,395 of whom were unaccompanied minors (Eurostat, 2018b), constituting more than a 30 per cent increase since 2014. The number of unaccompanied minors recorded in Ireland is low compared to other EU Member States. However, consistent with EU and international trends, this number has increased since 2014. In 2017, 175 unaccompanied minors were referred to the Social Work Team for Separated Children Seeking Asylum (Dublin) (SWTSCSA) of the Child and Family Agency, Tusla (Tusla), which is responsible for the care of unaccompanied minors in Ireland, up from 97 in 2014 (Tusla, 2018d, 2018e). Much comparative information and research exists on the practices in Ireland and in EU Member States concerning unaccompanied minors seeking international protection. There is less research and up-to-date information on the practices and integration measures in place for unaccompanied minors who have received an international protection or immigration status decision. This study examines the policies and practices on unaccompanied minors following an international protection or immigration status decision in Ireland. Principally, it looks at two potential outcomes for unaccompanied minors in Ireland: a positive decision for immigration permission or international protection and subsequent integration in-country and forced or voluntary return. The study also looks at implications arising from a lack of status

Flowers through insect eyes: the contribution of pollinator vision to the evolution of flower colour

PhDFlowers’ colours are an essential element of their ability to attract visits from pollinators. However, the colours as they appear to human observers can differ substantially from their appearance to insect pollinators, and so it is essential to consider pollinator vision in any study of the ecology of flower colour. In this thesis I describe how I have overseen the development of an online database to provide accurate information on floral spectral reflectance measured without human observational bias. This resource allows a more accurate consideration of flower colours in future studies, and permits investigations of flower colours within and across habitats. Using the records in this database, I analysed flowers from two European habitats for spatial or temporal changes, modelling the colours according to insect visual perception. I discovered that the insect-colour composition of the plant communities does not change either along an altitudinal gradient or throughout the year. These novel and ecologically-relevant analyses contradict previous observational studies, but support the theory of a pollination “market” in which flowers compete for pollinator visitation. I then describe my experimental investigations into the visual capabilities of two pollinators and how this may relate to what colours of flowers they visit. Firstly I study the foraging behaviour of bees under spatially inconsistent illumination and how this impacts on their choice behaviour. I revealed patchy light can have measurable effects on bee foraging behaviour: they intentionally choose familiar over unfamiliar illumination, which may impact on the flowers they visit in complex natural environments. Secondly, I detail the new evidence for a red-sensitive photoreceptor in South African monkey beetles, a major pollinator in a habitat containing many longwavelength- reflecting flowers, which are not classically “attractive” to bees. Throughout this thesis, I explore how pollinator vision has shaped the evolution of flower colours in different contexts.Biotechnology and Biological Science Research Council. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew (BBS/S/L-2005/12155A