Does the Social Metabolism Drive Environmental Conflicts?

Increases in social metabolism drive environmental conflicts. This proposition, frequently found in the literature on ecological distribution conflicts, has stimulated much research at the interface of ecological economics and political ecology. However, under which conditions is this proposition valid and useful? This chapter briefly reviews the theoretical foundations underlying this proposition and discusses further socio-metabolic properties that may shape the dynamics of environmental conflicts. Furthermore, the chapter relates the socio-metabolic perspective to other 'grand explanations' of environmental conflicts, particularly, to the expansion of capitalism under a neo-Marxist perspective. The chapter argues that a socio-metabolic perspective has much to offer to understand some of the structural drivers of environmental conflicts. A socio-metabolic perspective links local environmental conflicts to the resource use profiles of economies as well as to global production and consumption systems, no matter whether these are capitalist societies, resource-intensive planning economies, autocratic monarchies, or illicit resource extractions occurring in the shadow economy. The chapter closes by recalling the need to integrate biophysical and social dynamics in a balanced manner for the nuanced study of environmental conflicts

Accumulation by development: The key role of poverty reduction narratives for resource capture in rural Cambodia

Indigenous shifting agriculture has been criticized for its negative effects on forest carbon stocks and mitigation policies have consequently fostered different forest management approaches. This has caused land disputes with indigenous populations in countries of the South, who have lost access to livelihood resources, finding themselves forced to c

A socio-metabolic perspective on environmental justice and degrowth movements

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552Degrowth and environmental justice movements share overarching aims of sustainability and justice and pursue them through radical social change and resistances. Both movements are diverse and comprised of groups that originate and operate in different contexts. The ever-growing metabolism of the world economy presents an obstacle to both movements' aims, while a socio-metabolic perspective unveils very different characteristics and contexts of the specific struggles. The strategies of many environmental justice movements located at the frontiers of resource extraction are employed to resist coerced socio-ecological transition towards industrialization and to protect more customary ways of life. Movements for the degrowth of industrial metabolism tend to push for socio-ecological transformation, pursuing new ways of life and reimagined social relations in alternative societies. The overarching aims and obstacles of these movements may be shared, but their struggles, strategies and required actions are not the same. Alliances should seek advantages from this plurality of perspectives and positions within their struggles, while acknowledging potential tensions arising from these different contexts

Self-sufficiency or surplus : Conflicting local and national rural development goals in Cambodia

Cambodia is currently experiencing profound processes of rural change, driven by an emerging trend of large-scale land deals. This article discusses potential future pathways by analyzing two contrasting visions and realities of land use: the aim of the governmental elites to foster surplus-producing rural areas for overall economic growth, employment creation and ultimately poverty reduction, and the attempts of smallholders to maintain and create livelihoods based on largely self-sufficient rural systems. Based on the MuSIASEM approach, the rural economy of Cambodia and different rural system types are analyzed by looking at their metabolic pattern in terms of land use, human activity, and produced and consumed flows. The analysis shows that the pathways of self-sufficiency and surplus production are largely not compatible in the long term. Cambodia's rural labor force is expected to increase enormously over the next decades, while available land for the smallholder sector has become scarce due to the granting of Economic Land Concessions (ELC). Consequently, acceleration in rural-urban migration may be expected, accompanied by a transition from self-employed smallholders to employment-dependent laborers. If the ELC system achieves to turn the reserved land into viable agribusinesses, it might enable added value creation; however, it does not bring substantial amounts of employment opportunities to rural areas. On the contrary, ELC have high opportunity costs in terms of rural livelihoods based on smallholder land uses and thus drive the marginalization of Cambodian smallholders

Existeix un moviment global de justícia ambiental?

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552Conceptes com racisme ambiental, epidemiologia popular, ecologisme dels pobres i indígenes, biopirateria o sobirania alimentària, entre molts altres, serveixen per descriure i participar en els conflictes ecològic-distributius. Són conflictes relacionats amb l'extracció i el transport de recursos i la disposició dels residus que es donen a tot el món, tal com mostren l'Atles de Justícia Ambiental i altres inventaris, els quals també presenten exemples de paralització de projectes i desenvolupament d'altres alternatives.Conceptos como racismo ambiental, epidemiología popular, ecologismo de los pobres e indígenas, biopiratería o soberanía alimentaria, entre muchos otros, sirven para describir y participar en los conflictos ecológico-distributivos. Son conflictos relacionados con la extracción y el transporte de recursos y la disposición de los residuos que se dan en todo el mundo, tal como muestran el Atlas de Justicia Ambiental y otros inventarios, los cuales también presentan ejemplos de paralización de proyectos y desarrollo de otras alternativas.Concepts such as environmental racism, popular epidemiology, environmentalism of the poor and the indigenous, biopiracy or food sovereignty, and many others, serve to describe and participate in ecological distribution conflicts. They are conflicts related to the extraction and transport of resources and disposal of waste occurring worldwide, as shown in the Atlas of Environmental Justice and other inventories, which also present examples of stopping projects and developing alternatives

How social movements contribute to staying within the global carbon budget : evidence from a qualitative meta-analysis of case studies

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSICThe project that gave rise to these results received the support of a fellowship from the 'La Caixa' Foundation (ID 100010434).Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MDespite renewed efforts to combat climate change, it remains uncertain how economies will achieve emission reduction by 2050. Among different decarbonisation strategies, knowledge about the potential role and contributions of social movements to curbing carbon emissions has been limited. This study aims to shed light on the diverse contributions of social movements to staying within the global carbon budget, as well as on the specific outcomes and strategies employed in protests against hydrocarbon activities. For this purpose, we conduct a systematic literature review of 57 empirical cases of social movements contesting fossil fuel projects in 29 countries. Based on an exploratory approach, we identify a series of different movement strategies and a range of qualitative contributions that support staying within the carbon budget. These include raising awareness of risks and strategies, enhancing corporate responsibility, being informed about policy changes, laws and regulations, fostering just energy transitions, energy democracy, divestment, alternative market solutions, and forcing the postponement or cancellation of targeted hydrocarbon activities. While the institutional means are widely used and seem to support policy change and regulation, these strategies are not used to deliver awareness or postponement outcomes. Similarly, while movements tend to rely on civil disobedience to stop hydrocarbon projects in the short term, they rely on multiple strategies to cancel them in the longer term. Our study also indicates significant knowledge gaps in the literature, particularly, cases in Africa and Central Asia, women's participation in these movements, in addition to more quantitative assessments of the actual emissions reduced by social movements

New challenges in rural development : a multi-scale inquiry into emerging issues, posed by the global land rush /

En los últimos años están surgiendo nuevos retos asociados al desarrollo rural, catalizados por una fiebre mundial por la adquisición de tierras a gran escala. Este fenómeno, conocido como 'acaparamiento de tierras', está generando controversia en cuanto a si el interés creciente en estas adquisiciones podría beneficiar a las comunidades rurales empobrecidas del campesinado mundial, o al contrario, incidirá en su marginalización. Esta tesis doctoral presenta una recopilación de cuatro artículos que abordan aspectos relevantes para entender mejor los debates, impulsores de cambio, características e impactos de la creciente demanda de tierras y sus implicaciones para el desarrollo rural. Entender los controvertidos debates asociados a los potenciales riesgos y oportunidades del acaparamiento de tierras para las comunidades rurales empobrecidas, nos plantea la siguiente pregunta: ¿qué tipo de pobreza queremos reducir? Como problema que se manifiesta a múltiples escalas y dimensiones, la pobreza es un fenómeno complejo. Será importante tenerlo en cuenta, pues, en estos debates, ya que la adquisición de tierras a gran escala puede aliviar una determinada dimensión de la pobreza, a la vez que estar amenazando otras. Así, el primer artículo aborda los retos epistemológicos y teóricos que surgen al conceptualizar multidimensionalmente la pobreza. En el segundo artículo se investigan los impulsores de cambio del acaparamiento de tierras a nivel global, para poder entender mejor sus implicaciones para el desarrollo rural global y las trayectorias futuras que de él pueden derivarse. Desde una perspectiva biofísica, el artículo argumenta que el acaparamiento de tierras apunta a ser un fenómeno persistente y no efímero: la competición y la lucha por el acceso a la tierra son susceptibles de incrementar en el futuro, provocando nuevos retos para el desarrollo rural a nivel global. El tercer artículo ilustra, para el caso de Camboya, cómo pueden revelarse en la práctica el acaparamiento de tierras y distintas visiones conflictivas sobre el desarrollo rural y la reducción de la pobreza. Basándose en una investigación empírica a nivel nacional, se abordan las características, limitaciones e impactos de las adquisiciones de tierra a gran escala y se ilustra el conflicto fundamental entre los intereses gubernamentales y las realidades locales del desarrollo rural camboyano. Finalmente, el último artículo discute la capacidad del pequeño campesinado para gestionar el decreciente acceso a la tierra a nivel local; una cuestión que seguramente requerirá más atención en el futuro, con la evolución del acaparamiento de tierras. Se presentan así algunas conclusiones sobre el cambio rural global y la emergencia de nuevas ruralidades, caracterizadas por nuevas instituciones y actividades económicas. En resumen, esta tesis combina investigación teórica y empírica con el fin de discutir bajo diversas perspectivas los nuevos retos emergentes del desarrollo rural. Para ello, se destacan las complejas cuestiones, asociadas a la existencia de múltiples escalas y dimensiones de los sistemas rurales, a las que se enfrentan los esfuerzos en torno al desarrollo rural. Asimismo, se presentan también algunas lecciones y conclusiones sobre los debates, impulsores de cambio, impactos y consecuencias futuras del acaparamiento de tierras sobre el desarrollo rural.Within the recent years, new challenges in rural development have appeared, triggered by the emergence of a global rush for land resources. This phenomenon, well-known under the term 'land grabbing', has produced controversial debates surrounding the question whether rising global interest in farmland and related large-scale land deals may benefit poor rural communities across countries of the global South, or whether it may drive the marginalization of the global peasantry. This doctoral dissertation presents a compilation of four research articles that address important issues, relevant to better understand debates, drivers, characteristics and impacts regarding the global land rush and its implications for rural development. In order to understand the controversial debates on potential risks and opportunities of the land rush to poor rural communities, it becomes necessary to deal with the question: what kind of poverty is aimed to be reduced? Poverty is a complex phenomenon, appearing across multiple dimensions and scales. This matters to the debates, as large-scale land deals may help to alleviate poverty in one dimension, while jeopardizing at the same time other poverty dimensions. The first article thus addresses on an epistemological and theoretical level challenges for development efforts that result from a multidimensional conceptualization of poverty. The second article investigates underlying driving forces of the land rush on a global level, in order to better understand future trajectories and implications for global rural development. Taking a biophysical perspective, the article argues that the land rush is likely not an ephemeral phenomenon, but rather might be persistent. Increasing competition and struggles over access to land might increase in the future, thus provoking new challenges for rural development on a global level. The third article illustrates for the case of Cambodia, how both the land rush and conflicting visions of rural development and poverty reduction may unfold in practice. Based on an empirical investigation at the national level, characteristics, constraints and impacts of large-scale land deals are addressed and a fundamental conflict between governmental interests and local realities of rural development is illustrated. Finally, the last article discusses how small-farmers at the village and household level may be able to deal with declining access to land. This is an issue which likely will require more attention in the future, when the land rush further unfolds. Conclusions on global rural change and the emergence of new ruralities, characterized by new economic activities and institutions, are presented. In summary, this dissertation combines general theoretical and empirical case study research in Cambodia, in order to discuss from a variety of different perspectives emerging challenges in rural development. While the dissertation points out the complex issues that rural development studies and efforts may face due to the existence of multiple scales and dimensions of rural systems, also some simple lessons and clear conclusions are presented regarding debates, drivers, impacts and future consequences of the global land rush on rural development

More dams, more violence? : a global analysis on resistances and repression around conflictive dams through co-produced knowledge

Altres ajuts: Daniela Del Bene and Leah Temper also acknowledge the support of the ACKnowl-EJ project, with the support of the Transformations to Sustainability Programme, coordinated by the International Social Science Council-ISSC (Grant number ISSC2015-TKN150317115354).Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552The present article analyses a unique database of 220 dam-related environmental conflicts, retrieved from the Global Atlas on Environmental Justice (EJAtlas), and based on knowledge co-production between academics and activists. Despite well-known controversial, social, and environmental impacts of dams, efforts to increase renewable energy generation have reinstated the interest into hydropower development globally. People affected by dams have largely denounced such 'unsustainabilities' through collective non-violent actions. Nevertheless, we found that repression, criminalization, violent targeting of activists and assassinations are recurrent features of conflictive dams. Violent repression is particularly high when indigenous people are involved. Indirect forms of violence are also analysed through socio-economic, environmental, and health impacts. We argue that increasing repression of the opposition against unwanted energy infrastructures does not only serve to curb specific protest actions, but also aims to delegitimize and undermine differing understanding of sustainability, epistemologies, and world views. This analysis cautions that allegedly sustainable renewables such as hydropower often replicates patterns of violence within a frame of an 'extractivism of renewables'. We finally suggest that co-production of knowledge between scientists, activists, and communities should be largely encouraged to investigate sensitive and contentious topics in sustainability studies

Renewables grabbing : Land and resource appropriations in the global energy transition

The global land rush intersects with the global energy transition and the emergence of new renewable energy frontiers demanding vast amounts of land and other resources. This chapter provides an overview of the processes of land and resource grabbing associated with renewable energies and discusses the environmental injustices emerging in the global energy transition. After a brief examination of the multiple drivers of the global energy transition and their specific implications for resource and land grabbing, a sectoral perspective on the four major renewable energy sources describes the emergence of new energy-land frontiers: biofuels, hydropower dams, mega solar power, and wind parks. For each frontier, the chapter points to key resources required and appropriated and discusses the related environmental conflicts and justice concerns that are arising. Close examination of these conflicts provides important lessons for moving toward a socially just energy transition

Land poverty and emerging ruralities in Cambodia : Insights from Kampot province

Altres ajuts: EU-Project MARSS (LIFE11ENV/DE/343)Rural change in Cambodia manifests itself in rapidly declining land availability for the smallholder sector, posing the question of how farmers may be able to deal with limited access to land. In this paper, we discuss with a case study village and household livelihood strategies of smallholders currently operating under land-constrained conditions. Based on an integrated assessment of a smallholder village in Kampot province, we illustrate in quantitative terms how land shortage is creating problems of surplus generation and liquidity issues in monetary and non-monetary flows. At the household level, livelihood diversification based on the involvement of productive resources other than land may play an increasing role, particularly in the future, when levels of land shortage may increase. At the village level, smallholder may respond through institutional innovation, in particular through the establishment of a community banking system and a paddy rice bank to provide money and rice credits to overcome transitory shortages and to cover investment costs for additional productive resources. Thus, in this case, we observe the emergence of new patterns of livelihood in rural areas, based on the integration of non-land-based economic activities and new institutional settings