Age differences in the underlying mechanisms of product placement influence

In an increasingly media-rich society, we are ever exposed to more varied marketing techniques. Advertising is no longer limited to traditional outlets such as print and television commercials. Consumers are moving away from watching television on a traditional TV set in favour of new technologies. The development of portable electronic devices such as tablet computers and smartphones has provided new platforms for commercial messages. These products not only increase the number of ways in which advertisers can use to target us, but also change the way we interact with the media. We increasingly use these devices on the go, even attending to multiple screens at the same time. These habits have become increasingly common, yet they may inadvertently increase our susceptibility to advertising communications. Changes in media consumption and government legislation had led advertisers to seek out new ways to target consumers and we need to consider two issues (Ofcom, 2011; Ofcom, 2017a). First, product placements have become increasingly prevalent and are regularly featured in television programs and movies. So, their influence needs to be examined further. Secondly, the existing research tends to neglect large sections of the population. Older adults account for almost one quarter of the UK (Office for National Statistics, 2017) population and watch more television than any other age group (Ofcom, 2013). Yet, little is known about how ageing mediates susceptibility to product placements. This thesis will integrate three areas of existing research and address questions which have emerged from the literature. The literature review (Chapter 1) initially provides an overview of prevalence of product placements. The role of consumer awareness and attitude toward this form of advertising in facilitating susceptibility is discussed in terms of the psychological theories proposed to explain how product placement works. I then debate whether variability in placement stimuli and measures may contribute to inconsistencies within this area of research. Next, I explore how implicit and explicit memory processes may shift in terms of the much-debated age cognitive decline. I consider how such changes might mediate placement impact. By way of example, the theory of ego depletion is evaluated and discussed in relation to ageing effects and product placement research. Finally, I consider how cognitive resource and ego depletion may interact with consumer viewing habits to mediate placement efficacy. In this thesis key issues which have emerged from the literature will be explored in three experimental chapters. Following the replication crisis in psychology research I will initially investigate whether product placement effects can be replicated. The assumption that implicit measures of placement influence are equivalent will be assessed through a comparison of two methods (see Chapter Two). The validity of frequently used measures will be discussed and the more methodologically sound method is put forward. The contribution of the methodological investigation will be discussed in relation to the replication crisis. Second, I will address the paucity of research exploring the impact which product placement has on older adults (see Chapter 3). Though older adults are becoming one of the largest groups in the population, it is not known whether cognitive decline increases vulnerability to this form of advertising. It is assumed within the literature that the mechanisms of placement influence are consistent in different age groups, yet this presumption has not previously been investigated. The impact which cognitive ageing may have on the underlying mechanisms of placement effects will be examined. The third issue to be addressed by this thesis is the role of ego depletion in product placement effects (see Chapter 4). The contribution of ego depletion to placement vulnerability will be assessed. In addition, we will consider a key debate in the ego depletion literature, of whether older adults are susceptible to resource depletion. The thesis will be concluded by the General Discussion (Chapter 5). This section evaluates key findings in relation to existing research. The contribution of the current research will be discussed in relation to the mechanisms of product placement, the effect of ageing on placement vulnerability and methodological considerations for future research. The observations from the thesis will be discussed in relation to theoretical models of memory, ageing and ego depletion. Finally, marketing implications based on the findings of the thesis are proposed. The thesis is presented in five chapters. Chapter 1 provides a literature review of research relevant to product placements. Chapter 2 presents the first paper of the thesis (Experiments 1 and 2), Are all measures equal? A comparison of product placement effects using stimulus based and text choice tasks, and an Appendix. The appendix reports additional analyses exploring order effects of implicit and explicit measures in product placement research. Though these analyses are relevant to the thesis they are beyond the scope of the main paper. Chapter 3 contains the second paper of the thesis (Experiments 3 and 4), The serendipitous decline of memory in aging: An age-related dissociation in the mechanisms of product placement influence, and an Appendix. The appendix reports additional analyses exploring age difference in the decision making process. Though these analyses are relevant to the thesis they are beyond the scope of the main paper. Chapter 4 presents the third paper of the thesis (Experiment 5), The serendipity of the decline of self-control in ageing. Are older adults less susceptible to ego depletion and product placement influence? and an Appendix. The appendix reports exploratory analyses which assess the extent to which COLT performance, time of day, fatigue and hunger mediate ego depletion effects. Though these analyses are relevant to the thesis they are beyond the focus of the main paper. Chapter 5 concludes the thesis with the General Discussion

Examining GPS monitoring alerts triggered by sex offenders: The divergence of legislative goals and practical application in community corrections

Purpose Legislative mandates that require GPS monitoring of offenders add to the existing logistical complexities of community supervision. Challenges in implementing GPS policies and practices are heightened by the lack of sound empirical research. Studies examining the relationships between GPS monitoring of sex offenders in the community and the legislative goals of public safety, deterrence, and cost effectiveness are virtually nonexistent. To begin to address this gap in the literature, this study examines the impact of a statutorily-based GPS monitoring program for adult sex offenders convicted of dangerous crimes against children and placed under community supervision. Method Official offender generated alert data for DCAC Sex Offenders in Maricopa County, AZ are examined from the time of legislative mandate for a subsequent two year period. Results Analyses highlight the significant number of equipment related alerts triggered by a loss of satellite signal for offenders under GPS monitoring as a key concern as well as a significant increase in officer workload as a result. Conclusions A divergence between legislative goals and practical application of mandated GPS monitoring programs exists. GPS technology is far more limited than anticipated and should be viewed as a tool rather than depended upon as a control mechanism

Feminist Scholarship Review: Gender and Sexuality Studies and the Liberal Arts Education

Published from 1991 through 2007 at Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, the Feminist Scholarship Review is a literary journal that describes women\u27s experiences around the world. FSR began as a review of feminist scholarly material, but evolved into a journal for poetry and short storie

Hippocampus: seahorse; brain-structure; spatial map; concept

Through an exploration of both sculptural and thought processes undertaken in making my Masters exhibition, ‘Hippocampus’, I unpack some possibilities, instabilities, and limitations inherent in representation and visual perception. This thesis explores the Hippocampus as image (seahorse) and concept (brain-structure involved in cognitive mapping of space). Looking at Gilles Deleuze’s writings on representation, I will expand on the notion of the map as being that which does not define and fix a structure or meaning, but rather is open, extendable and experimental. I explore the becoming, rather than the being, of image and concept. The emphasis here is on process, non-representation, and fluidity of meaning. This is supportive of my personal affirmation of the practice and process of art-making as research. I will refer to the graphic prints of Maurits Cornelis Escher as a means to elucidate a visual contextualization of my practical work, particularly with regard to the play with two- and three-dimensional space perception. Through precisely calculated ‘experiments’ that show up the partiality of our visual perception of space, Escher alludes to things that either cannot actually exist as spatial objects or do exist, but resist representation. Similarly I will explore how my own sculptures, although existing in space resist a fixed representation and suggest ideas of other spaces, non-spaces; an in-between space that does not pin itself down and become fixed to any particular image, idea, objector representation

An Ethnographic Investigation of the Integration of Disabled and Nondisabled Two-Year-Old Children.

This study is an ethnographic investigation of the initial integration of a group of disabled and nondisabled two-year-old children. The group was comprised of a class of seven disabled children from a school parish and a class of nine nondisabled children from a university child development center in this same parish. This study incorporated ethnographic data collection and analysis procedures. Data collection procedures included participant observation, ethnographic interviews, artifactual analysis, and videorecording. The results of this study suggest that a process of stigmatization occurred in this integration program. The process of stigmatization and factors perhaps accounting for the process are detailed and described. One major factor contributing to the process of stigmatization was a lack of planning and preparation for this integration program. Because of this lack of planning and preparation, society\u27s natural tendency to separate and stigmatize individuals with difference or disability was transmitted to the children in this integrated setting through their interactions with the adults in the program. This study suggests a number of implications for more successful integration

Robinson Crusoe As a Nehemiah Figure

This study links the Book of Nehemiah with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and extends J. Paul Hunter's exposition of the theme of Crusoe. Parallels between the Book of Nehemiah and Crusoe are developed to provide evidence of the acceptance and spiritual regeneration of Crusoe.Englis

Regulation of phosphate starvation response in Arabidopsis

Phosphate is an essential but limited macronutrient for all plants. In response to limited levels of phosphate, plants have developed highly specialized developmental, biochemical, and molecular responses. To further expand our knowledge of the phosphate starvation induced signal transduction pathway in plants, the expression of the phosphate starvation inducible Purple Acid Phosphatase 1 (PAP1) gene was studied in transgenic Arabidopsis. While few components have been identified regulating gene expression under phosphate starvation conditions in plants, one cis regulatory element recognized by the MYB transcriptions factor Phosphate Starvation Response 1 (PHR1) has been identified in many phosphate starvation induced (PSI) genes. PAP1 and many other genes examined during the course of the mutant characterization contain this cis element. Using the GUS reporter gene under control of the PAP1 promoter, a mutant screen was devised for plants showing abnormal PAP1 response to phosphate nutrition. Three mutant lines were identified and subsequently characterized for the phosphate starvation-induced signal-transduction pathway in Arabidopsis. Two mutants, BT1 and BT2, both with dominant mutations, showed increased GUS staining. The mutations in BT1 and BT2 are tightly linked to the transgene and to each other, but complementation analysis suggested that they are in different genes. Characterization of these mutants indicated that the PSI genes PAP1 and At4 (in BT1 roots), and RNS1 (in BT2 leaves) have alternative or additional methods of regulation other than PHR, even though these genes all contain PHR1 binding sites. A third mutant, BT3, had a phenotype similar to the PAP1 null-mutant and did not show PAP1 phosphatase activity under normal soil-grown conditions. Characterization of BT3 indicates that PAP1, RNS1, and AtIPS1 are not exclusively regulated by PHR1. In an attempt to map the BT3 mutant in a Columbia background by crossing with Landsberg erecta (Ler), it was discovered that the Ler ecotype does not show PAP1 phosphatase activity under normal soil-grown conditions. The PAP1 phosphatase regulatory trait, named BT5, was mapped to a 15,562 bp-region area containing only two genes between the GPA1 and ER markers on Chromosome 2

User Views of Punishment. The dynamics of community-based punishment: insider views from the outside

This report explores the experience of community sentences from the perspective of those subject to them and is part of a larger project on ‘User Views of Punishment’ in which we attempt to document what the punished think of punishment: how it works, what it means and how it fits into the larger context of a person’s life. Where a previous SCCJR research report (No.04/2010) explored research findings with a particular focus on the experience and effects of short prison sentences from the perspective of those serving them (Armstrong and Weaver 2010), this research report provides highlights of findings from the analysis with a specific focus on the experience and effects of both prison and community sanctions from the perspective of those currently subject to community sanctions, whose penal experience includes short prison sentences

Communication Partner Training in Aphasia: A Critical Review

This presentation describes the procedures and results of a systematic review of the literature on communication partner training in aphasia. A search of thirteen databases resulted in 28 relevant articles published in English between 1975 and April, 2008. These included 8 group studies varying from randomized controlled trials to uncontrolled pre-post studies, 7 single-subject experimental designs, 5 qualitative research designs and 8 case studies. Studies were independently reviewed by two reviewers. Results revealed a wide range of quality scores. Most studies fell in the weaker AAN evidence strength classes. However, 3 studies met the criteria for Class I research