Immigration-Related Detention: Current Legislative Issues

[Excerpt] As Congress considers reforming the nation’s immigration system, the detention of noncitizens in the United States will likely be an issue. Under the law, there is broad authority to detain aliens while awaiting a determination of whether the noncitizen should be removed from the United States. The law also mandates that certain categories of aliens are subject to mandatory detention (i.e., the aliens must be detained). Aliens subject to mandatory detention include those arriving without documentation or with fraudulent documentation, those who are inadmissable or deportable on criminal grounds, those who are inadmissable or deportable on national security grounds, those certified as terrorist suspects, and those who have final orders of deportation. Aliens not subject to mandatory detention may be detained, paroled, or released on bond. The priorities for detention of these aliens are specified in statute and regulations. In FY2008, on an average day, 31,244 noncitizens were in Department of Homeland Security (DHS) custody. There are many policy issues surrounding detention of aliens. The Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) increased the number of aliens subject to mandatory detention, and raised concerns about the justness of mandatory detention, especially as it is applied to asylum seekers arriving without proper documentation. Additionally, the increase in the number of mandatory detainees has raised concerns about the amount of detention space available to house DHS detainees. Some contend that decisions on which aliens to release from detention and when to release aliens from detention may be based on the amount of detention space, not on the merits of individual cases. Another issue is the Attorney General’s role in the detention of noncitizens. The creation of DHS moved the administration of detention of noncitizens from the Department of Justice’s Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to DHS’s Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Nonetheless, it can be argued that the language in the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296; HSA) has left the Attorney General with concurrent authority over immigration law, including the authority to arrest, detain, and release aliens. The 108th Congress passed P.L. 108-458, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, directing the Secretary of DHS to increase the amount of detention bed space by not less than 8,000 beds for each year, FY2006 through FY2010. Although Congress increased the bed space between FY2006 and FY2010, the number of beds has only increased by approximately 12,000. In the 111th Congress, bills have been introduced covering a range of provisions and perspectives concerning the detention of noncitizens. Several bills—including S. 1505, H.R. 994, H.R. 2406, and H.R. 3308—would mandate that DHS increase the amount of detention space. In addition, other bills (e.g., H.R. 1215 and S. 1594) would codify certain policies at detention facilities, such as access to telephones and medical care, and expand the alternatives to detention program. Other bills, such as H.R. 264, would eliminate the mandatory detention of asylum seekers in expedited removal. This report will be updated as legislative action occurs

Advances in the Relationship between Tau Protein and Morphine De-pendence in Cognitive Dysfunction

Morphine is an opioid drug. Long-term use can cause morphine dependence or addiction, and there are cognitive dysfunction such as abnormal mental behavior, decline in learning and memory, and decline in executive ability. The occurrence of this disease is related to many factors, such as oxidative stress, hippocampal neuronal injury, mitochondrial function injury, etc. Tau protein is a microtubule-associated protein involved in nervous system development. Studies have found that hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins can cause apoptosis of hippocampal neurons[1], and tau proteins can cause oxidative stress[2]. Therefore, tau proteins play an important role in the pathogenesis of cognitive disorders. The relationship between morphine dependence and cognitive dysfunction is now reviewed

Effects of kynurenic acid analogue 1 (KYNA-A1) in nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia: targets and anti-migraine mechanisms

Background Trigeminal sensitization represents a major mechanism underlying migraine attacks and their recurrence. Nitroglycerin (NTG) administration provokes spontaneous migraine-like headaches and in rat, an increased sensitivity to the formalin test. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous regulator of glutamate activity and its analogues attenuate NTG-induced neuronal activation in the nucleus trigeminalis caudalis (NTC). The anti-hyperalgesic effect of KYNA analogue 1 (KYNA-A1) was investigated on animal models specific for migraine pain. Aim Rats made hyperalgesic by NTG administration underwent the plantar or orofacial formalin tests. The effect of KYNA-A1 was evaluated in terms of nocifensive behavior and of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and cytokines expression in areas involved in trigeminal nociception. Results KYNA-A1 abolished NTG-induced hyperalgesia in both pain models; NTG alone or associated to formalin injection induced an increased mRNA expression of CGRP, nNOS and cytokines in the trigeminal ganglia and central areas, which was reduced by KYNA-A1. Additionally, NTG caused a significant increase in nNOS immunoreactivity in the NTC, which was prevented by KYNA-A1. Conclusion Glutamate activity is likely involved in mediating hyperalgesia in an animal model specific for migraine. Its inhibition by means of a KYNA analogue modulates nNOS, CGRP and cytokines expression at peripheral and central levels

Boletín oficial de la provincia de León: Num. 59 (14/11/1888)

Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 2011-201

Boletín oficial de la provincia de León: Num. 59 (14/11/1888)

Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 2011-201

IMPORTANCIA DEL INDICE DE ENVEJECIMIENTO LOCAL DE LA POBLACIÓN EN LA DETERMINACIÓN DEL INDICE DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DEMOGRÁFICO LOCAL (ICDL)

El trabajo que se presenta tiene como objetivo: Mostrar la importancia que tiene tomar en cuenta el envejecimiento de la población para la determinación de un índice sintético, en este caso el Índice del Comportamiento Demográfico Local (ICDL) que brinde, desde este punto de vista, información a los gobiernos locales para la toma de decisiones en la elaboración de la estrategia de desarrollo. Para la determinación de dicho índice (ICDL) se parte de considerar, tanto el comportamiento de las variables demográficas en su conjunto, como el envejecimiento de la población y el mismo es igual a la semi suma de lo que se ha denominado Índice del Comportamiento de las Variables Demográficas Local (ICVDL) y el Índice de Envejecimiento Local (IEL). El índice resultante permite realizar una jerarquización en relación al comportamiento demográfico que presentan los municipios de la provincia Camagüey, Cuba, para así dotar a los gobiernos locales de un instrumento que les permita tomar decisiones en cuanto a lo que hay que realizar en materia demográfica, pues del mismo se pueden desprender otros análisis relacionados con otras dimensiones del desarrollo, tales como: económica, social, ambiental, tomando como base a la población, en tanto objeto y sujeto del desarrollo. Todo ello permite concluir, que el ICDL varía en dependencia a si se toma en consideración el envejecimiento o no y que la determinación de este índice constituye un paso de avance en la interrelación Población- Desarrollo, en tanto permite, a través de un solo valor, observar el comportamiento, tanto de las variables demográficas, como del envejecimiento de la población y su incidencia en el desarrollo de los municipios

Inhibition of the PKCγ-ε Pathway Relieves from Meningeal Nociception in an Animal Model: An Innovative Perspective for Migraine Therapy?

There is convincing evidence that nitric oxide (NO) may be a causative factor in the pathogenesis of migraine. We investigated the consequences of NO donors’ administration on meningeal processes related to the development of migraine pain in an animal model of meningeal nociception. The administration in mice of the NO donors nitroglycerin (GTN) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) produced a delayed meningeal upregulation of interleukin-1ß and inducible NO synthase. A thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia devoid of side effects was produced 1 to 4 h after administration. To clarify the cellular pathways modulated by GTN and SNP, we examined the expression of cellular factors involved in pain modulation, such as protein kinase C (PKC) and its downstream effectors. Western blotting experiments showed an upregulation and increased phosphorylation of PKCγ and PKCε within dura mater after NO donors’ administration. A dramatic PKC-dependent increase of the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 was observed, along with an activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, as reflected by a reduction of the inhibitory protein-κ-Bα (IκBα). Furthermore, the PKC blocker, Calphostin C, prevented the GTN and SNP-induced pain hypersensitivity. These results suggest the relevance of the PKC-mediated pathway in the induction of meningeal nociception and might help clarify the etiopathology of migraines. We can suggest PKC as a new target for migraine pain. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0151-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Immigration-Related Detention: Current Legislative Issues

The attacks of September 11, 2001, have increased interest in the authority under statute to detain noncitizens (aliens) in the United States. Under the law there is broad authority to detain aliens while awaiting a determination of whether the noncitizen should be removed from the United States. The law also mandates that certain categories of aliens are subject to mandatory detention (i.e., the aliens must be detained)