Hydroacoustic noise from different geometries

Turbulent flow around bluff bodies generates pressure fluctuations which propagate as acoustic waves. Differences in the shape of a body can affect frequencies and amplitudes of the propagating pressure signals. In the present work three elementary geometries (sphere, cube and prolate spheroid), immersed in a uniform water flow, are examined in order to analyze the differences of the resulting hydroacoustic fields. The turbulent flow at ReA = 4430 (based on the cross-sectional area of the bodies) is reproduced through wall-resolving Large-Eddy Simulation and the hydroacoustic far-field is analyzed by adopting the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings analogy. The quadrupole term of the acoustic equation is first reformulated in the convective form and then solved through direct computation of the volume integrals. This procedure is found possible in hydrodynamics where the speed of sound is very large and the flow velocities are small. In spite of the fact that the frontal section of the bodies has the same area, the analysis shows that a streamlined body is able to produce a pressure signal one order of magnitude lower than that generated by a bluff geometry. The separate analysis of the loading noise and of the quadrupole one has shown that the former is larger than the latter in case of 3D-shaped bluff body (sphere and cube), whereas the opposite is true in case of a streamlined body. A preliminary analysis between the case of an elongated square cylinder and a cube, shows that the persistence of a two-dimensionally shaped wake when compared to a three-dimensional one contributes to increase the quadrupole part of the radiated noise

Acoustic Response of a Vibrating Elongated Cylinder in a Hydrodynamic Turbulent Flow

The present paper contains the results of the numerical analysis of the interaction between a Newtonian incompressible turbulent flow and a linear elastic slender body, together with the influence of the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) on the noise generation and propagation. The purpose is to evaluate the differences in term of acoustic pressure between the case where the solid body is rigid (infinite stiffness) and the case where it is elastic (finite stiffness). A partitioned and implicit algorithm with the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method (ALE) is used for the interaction between the fluid and solid. For the evaluation of the turbulent fluid motion, we use a large eddy simulation (LES) with the Smagorinsky subgrid scale model. The equation for the solid is solved through the Lagrangian description of the momentum equation and the second Piola-Kirchoff stress tensor. In addition, the acoustic analogy of Lighthill is used to characterize the acoustic source (the slender body) by directly using the fluid dynamic fields. In particular, we use the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FW-H) equation for the evaluation of the acoustic pressure in the fluid medium. As a first numerical experiment, we analyze a square cylinder immersed in a turbulent flow characterized by two different values of stiffness: one infinite (rigid case) and one finite (elastic case). In the latter case, the body stiffness and mean flow velocity are such that they induce the lock-in phenomenon. Finally, we evaluate the differences in terms of acoustic pressure between the two different cases

Large Eddy Simulations of sediment entrainment induced by a lock-exchange gravity current

Large Eddy simulations of lock-exchange gravity currents propagating over a mobile reach are presented. The numerical setting allows to investigate the sediment pick up induced by the currents and to study the underlying mechanisms leading to sediment entrainment for different Grashof numbers and grain sizes. First, the velocity field and the bed shear-stress distribution are investigated, along with turbulent structures formed in the flow, before the current reaches the mobile bed. Then, during the propagation of the current above the erodible section of the bed the contour plots of the entrained material are pre- sented as well as the time evolution of the areas covered by the current and by the sediment at this section. The numerical outcomes are compared with experimental data showing a very good agreement. Overall, the study confirms that sediment pick up is prevalent at the head of the current where the strongest turbulence occurs. Further, above the mobile reach of the bed, settling process seems to be of minor importance, with the entrained material being advected downstream by the current. Additionally, the study shows that, although shear stress is the main mechanism that sets particles in motion, turbu- lent bursts as well as vertical velocity fluctuations are also necessary to counteract the falling velocity of the particles and maintain them into suspension. Finally, the analysis of the stability conditions of the current shows that, from one side, sediment concentration gives a negligible contribution to the stability of the front of the current and from the other side, the stability conditions provided by the current do not allow sediments to move into the ambient fluid

Evidence of Gd substitution for Y in YBCO films with Gd excess

Gd-YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-δ}$ (Gd-YBCO) thin films with 10 mol% and 20 mol% excess-Gd concentration with respect to Y were investigated at the Gd L$_3$ and Y K core absorption edges by EXAFS spectroscopy with the aim of determining the local structure of the Gd dopant. To this purpose, EXAFS data were collected also on Gd-Ba$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-δ}$ (GdBCO) and pristine YBCO films and on Gd$_2$O$_3$ and Y$_2$O$_3$ model compounds for comparison with the YBCO films with Gd excess. The EXAFS analysis was based on Y and Gd oxides as well as on a cluster obtained by Density Functional Theory (DFT) where Gd atoms were inserted substitutional to Y atoms. The EXAFS data clearly reveal the incorporation of Gd in the lattice as substitute of Y and no evidence of segregated Gd oxide was found within the film matrix

MRI role in the periprosthetic lymphoma screening: a case report

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Surface and subsurface contributions to the build-up of forces on bed particles

In nature and in many industrial applications, the boundary of a channel flow is made of solid particles which form a porous wall, so that there is a mutual influence between the free flow and the subsurface flow developing inside the pores. While the influence of the porous wall on the free flow has been well studied, less well characterized is the subsurface flow, due to the practical difficulties in gathering information in the small spaces given by the pores. It is also not clear whether the subsurface flow can host turbulent events able to contribute significantly to the build-up of forces on the particles, potentially leading to their dislodgement. Through large eddy simulations, we investigate the interface between a free flow and a bed composed of spherical particles in a cubic arrangement. The communication between surface and subsurface flow is in this case enhanced, with relatively strong turbulent events happening also inside the pores. After comparing the simulation results with a previous experimental work from a similar setting, the forces experienced by the boundary particles are analysed. While it remains true that the lift forces are largely dependent on the structure of the free flow, turbulence inside the pores can also give a significant contribution. Pressure inside the pores is weakly correlated to the pressure in the free flow, and strong peaks above and below a particle can happen independently. Ignoring the porous layer below the particle from the computations leads then in this case to an underestimation of the lift forces