8 research outputs found

    Cartographie des Ă©cosystĂšmes et paramĂštres biophysiques satellitaires pour l'Ă©tude des flux hydriques sur le continent africain

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    Dans le contexte des changements climatiques, l'objectif du travail effectuĂ© est de caractĂ©riser l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© du continent africain afin de mieux comprendre et quantifier les processus de surface agissant sur les flux hydriques. Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre de la mise Ă  jour de la base de donnĂ©es ECOCLIMAP-I constituĂ©e d'une carte d'occupation des sols et des cartes de paramĂštres biophysiques. Pour cela, on s'appuie sur des donnĂ©es de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection acquises par les capteurs de derniĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration MODIS et SPOT/VEGETATION entre 2000 et 2007. Dans un premier temps, deux techniques de classification ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es afin de cartographier les diffĂ©rents Ă©cosystĂšmes. L'une, supervisĂ©e, a Ă©tĂ© conduite dans le contexte du programme AMMA afin de discriminer les Ă©cosystĂšmes sur la rĂ©gion ouest-africaine en combinant l'information complĂ©mentaire contenue dans les cartes d'occupation du sol GLC2000 et ECOCLIMAP-I par analyse supervisĂ©e de l'indice foliaire (LAI) MODIS. L'autre, non supervisĂ©e et hybride, utilise les principes de regroupement hiĂ©rarchique et dynamique de maniĂšre automatique en combinant l'usage du classificateur k-NN et celui de la transformĂ©e de Fourier DiscrĂšte sur la base des donnĂ©es d'indice de vĂ©gĂ©tation normalisĂ© (NDVI) SPOT/VEGETATION pour identifier les Ă©cosystĂšmes africains. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, des mĂ©thodes d'estimation des paramĂštres biophysiques tels que l'albĂ©do, la fraction de vĂ©gĂ©tation, l'indice foliaire ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es et/ou appliquĂ©es sur le continent. Une approche statistique permet de dĂ©terminer la contribution du sol nu et de la vĂ©gĂ©tation Ă  la constitution de l'albĂ©do de surface comme tel que cela est requis dans les modĂšles de surface. La mĂ©thode a d'abord Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e sur la rĂ©gion ouest-africaine et sa robustesse a Ă©tĂ© prouvĂ©e lors de son application Ă  l'intĂ©gralitĂ© du continent africain. Ces conditions de surface ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© implĂ©mentĂ©es dans le modĂšle de surface ISBA pour reproduire les processus de surface. La sensibilitĂ© d'ISBA au forçage physiographique a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e en analysant deux simulations avec le mĂȘme forçage atmosphĂ©rique sur la rĂ©gion ouest-africaine : l'une en utilisant la classification ECOCLIMAP-I et l'autre en utilisant la nouvelle paramĂ©trisation de la surface dĂ©veloppĂ©e sur la rĂ©gion ouest-africaine. Les flux de chaleur latente et sensible sont principalement pilotĂ©s par la fraction de vĂ©gĂ©tation. Le modĂšle ISBA peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© pour prĂ©dire l'impact d'un changement d'occupation du sol et par consĂ©quent des actions anthropiques sur le bilan hydrique.In the context of climate change, the aim of this study is to characterize the heterogeneity of the African continent in order to provide some elements to better understand and quantify surfaces process acting on hydric fluxes. This work is intented to update the double ECOCLIMAP-I database which is constituted by a land cover map and a dassets of land biophysical parameters. To this end, we use remotely sensed data acquired by the latest generation sensors MODIS and SPOT/VEGETATION between 2000 and 2007. During the first step, two methods of classifications has been developed for the mapping of different ecosystems. The first method, which is supervised, is obtained by combining information provided by the both global land cover map GLC2000 and ECOCLIMAP-I using an interactive analysis of MODIS leaf area index (LAI). It has been performed in the framework of the AMMA project to discriminate ecosystems over the western African Region. The second method is hybrid in that it combines k-NN clustering, hierarchical principles and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the basis of multi-annual NDVI data from SPOT/VEGETATION to identify ecosystems at the whole African continent. Then, methods for the estimation of land surface biophysical variables such as albedo, fractional vegetation cover and leaf area index has been developed and/or applied over the mainland. A statistical approach allows us to determine the contribution of bare soil albedo and vegetation albedo to the constitution of albedo as required in land surface models. After the application of the latter approach over the western african region, we demonstrate the robustness of the method by applying it over the entire mainland. The sensitivity of two land surface scenarios was studied by analysing two simulations with the same atmospheric forcing over the western African Region:one using the ECOCLIMAP-I classification and another using the new physiographic forcing specifically developed over the western African region. Heat and latent flux are mainly driven by the fractional vegetation coverage. The land surface model ISBA can be used to predict the impact of land cover change and accordingly the anthropic pressure on hydric fluxes

    Cartographie des Ă©cosystĂšmes et paramĂštres biophysiques satellitaires pour l'Ă©tude des flux hydriques sur le continent africain

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    In the context of climate change, the aim of this study is to characterize the heterogeneity of the African continent in order to provide some elements to better understand and quantify surfaces process acting on hydric fluxes. This work is intented to update the double ECOCLIMAP-I database which is constituted by a land cover map and a dassets of land biophysical parameters. To this end, we use remotely sensed data acquired by the latest generation sensors MODIS and SPOT/VEGETATION between 2000 and 2007. During the first step, two methods of classifications has been developed for the mapping of different ecosystems. The first method, which is supervised, is obtained by combining information provided by the both global land cover map GLC2000 and ECOCLIMAP-I using an interactive analysis of MODIS leaf area index (LAI). It has been performed in the framework of the AMMA project to discriminate ecosystems over the western African Region. The second method is hybrid in that it combines k-NN clustering, hierarchical principles and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the basis of multi-annual NDVI data from SPOT/VEGETATION to identify ecosystems at the whole African continent. Then, methods for the estimation of land surface biophysical variables such as albedo, fractional vegetation cover and leaf area index has been developed and/or applied over the mainland. A statistical approach allows us to determine the contribution of bare soil albedo and vegetation albedo to the constitution of albedo as required in land surface models. After the application of the latter approach over the western african region, we demonstrate the robustness of the method by applying it over the entire mainland. The sensitivity of two land surface scenarios was studied by analysing two simulations with the same atmospheric forcing over the western African Region:one using the ECOCLIMAP-I classification and another using the new physiographic forcing specifically developed over the western African region. Heat and latent flux are mainly driven by the fractional vegetation coverage. The land surface model ISBA can be used to predict the impact of land cover change and accordingly the anthropic pressure on hydric fluxes.Dans le contexte des changements climatiques, l'objectif du travail effectuĂ© est de caractĂ©riser l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© du continent africain afin de mieux comprendre et quantifier les processus de surface agissant sur les flux hydriques. Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre de la mise Ă  jour de la base de donnĂ©es ECOCLIMAP-I constituĂ©e d'une carte d'occupation des sols et des cartes de paramĂštres biophysiques. Pour cela, on s'appuie sur des donnĂ©es de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection acquises par les capteurs de derniĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration MODIS et SPOT/VEGETATION entre 2000 et 2007. Dans un premier temps, deux techniques de classification ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es afin de cartographier les diffĂ©rents Ă©cosystĂšmes. L'une, supervisĂ©e, a Ă©tĂ© conduite dans le contexte du programme AMMA afin de discriminer les Ă©cosystĂšmes sur la rĂ©gion ouest-africaine en combinant l'information complĂ©mentaire contenue dans les cartes d'occupation du sol GLC2000 et ECOCLIMAP-I par analyse supervisĂ©e de l'indice foliaire (LAI) MODIS. L'autre, non supervisĂ©e et hybride, utilise les principes de regroupement hiĂ©rarchique et dynamique de maniĂšre automatique en combinant l'usage du classificateur k-NN et celui de la transformĂ©e de Fourier DiscrĂšte sur la base des donnĂ©es d'indice de vĂ©gĂ©tation normalisĂ© (NDVI) SPOT/VEGETATION pour identifier les Ă©cosystĂšmes africains. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, des mĂ©thodes d'estimation des paramĂštres biophysiques tels que l'albĂ©do, la fraction de vĂ©gĂ©tation, l'indice foliaire ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es et/ou appliquĂ©es sur le continent. Une approche statistique permet de dĂ©terminer la contribution du sol nu et de la vĂ©gĂ©tation Ă  la constitution de l'albĂ©do de surface comme tel que cela est requis dans les modĂšles de surface. La mĂ©thode a d'abord Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e sur la rĂ©gion ouest-africaine et sa robustesse a Ă©tĂ© prouvĂ©e lors de son application Ă  l'intĂ©gralitĂ© du continent africain. Ces conditions de surface ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© implĂ©mentĂ©es dans le modĂšle de surface ISBA pour reproduire les processus de surface. La sensibilitĂ© d'ISBA au forçage physiographique a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e en analysant deux simulations avec le mĂȘme forçage atmosphĂ©rique sur la rĂ©gion ouest-africaine : l'une en utilisant la classification ECOCLIMAP-I et l'autre en utilisant la nouvelle paramĂ©trisation de la surface dĂ©veloppĂ©e sur la rĂ©gion ouest-africaine. Les flux de chaleur latente et sensible sont principalement pilotĂ©s par la fraction de vĂ©gĂ©tation. Le modĂšle ISBA peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© pour prĂ©dire l'impact d'un changement d'occupation du sol et par consĂ©quent des actions anthropiques sur le bilan hydrique

    Evapotranspiration Variability and Its Association with Vegetation Dynamics in the Nile Basin, 2002–2011

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    Evapotranspiration (ET) is a vital component in land-atmosphere interactions. In drylands, over 90% of annual rainfall evaporates. The Nile Basin in Africa is about 42% dryland in a region experiencing rapid population growth and development. The relationship of ET with climate, vegetation and land cover in the basin during 2002–2011 is analyzed using thermal-based Simplified Surface Energy Balance Operational (SSEBop) ET, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)-based MODIS Terrestrial (MOD16) ET, MODIS-derived NDVI as a proxy for vegetation productivity and rainfall from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Interannual variability and trends are analyzed using established statistical methods. Analysis based on thermal-based ET revealed that >50% of the study area exhibited negative ET anomalies for 7 years (2009, driest), while >60% exhibited positive ET anomalies for 3 years (2007, wettest). NDVI-based monthly ET correlated strongly (r > 0.77) with vegetation than thermal-based ET (0.52 < r < 0.73) at p < 0.001. Climate-zone averaged thermal-based ET anomalies positively correlated (r = 0.6, p < 0.05) with rainfall in 4 of the 9 investigated climate zones. Thermal-based and NDVI-based ET estimates revealed minor discrepancies over rainfed croplands (60 mm/yr higher for thermal-based ET), but a significant divergence over wetlands (440 mm/yr higher for thermal-based ET). Only 5% of the study area exhibited statistically significant trends in ET

    Comparison between Vegetation and Rainfall of Bioclimatic Ecoregions in Central Africa

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    This paper investigates the relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and extracted rainfall in the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) in Central Africa between latitudes 15°S and 20°N and longitudes 0°E and 31°E. Monthly NDVI and GPCP datasets for the period 1982–2000 have been used. The Index of Segmentation of Fourier Components (ISFC) has been applied on the NDVI dataset to segment Central Africa into four bioclimatic ecoregions (BCERs). In order to compare the differential response of vegetation growth to rainfall, an analysis of the inter-annual, intra-annual and seasonal variability for each BCER has been carried out, and the correlations between NDVI and rainfall have been assessed. The plot of the annual cycles of both variables revealed a coherent onset, peak and decay, with a time lag of 1 month for almost all the zones, except the zones, semi-desert and steppe, where a season of short and intense rainfall was observed. The correlation coefficients computed between the two variables are relatively high, especially in brush-grass savannah, where they reach up to 0.90 at a time lag of 1 month. The phenological transition points and phases show that the range between the +1 and -1 time lags corresponds to the duration of the maturity of vegetation. Overall, there is a strong similarity between temporal patterns of NDVI and rainfall, showing that the NDVI can be considered a sensitive indicator of the interannual variability of rainfall

    Utilisation de données satellitaires en hydro-météorologie : la recherche à Météo-France

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    La modĂ©lisation des processus de surface en relation avec le cycle du carbone et l’hydrologie superficielle, requiert l’utilisation de la tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection pour spatialiser et piloter les modĂšles, et l’assimilation de donnĂ©es de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection dans diffĂ©rents domaines de longueur d’onde. L’utilisation des produits de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection spatiale sur les surfaces continentales pour des applications de recherche et prĂ©-opĂ©rationnelles est dĂ©veloppĂ©e Ă  MĂ©tĂ©o-France dans le cadre de la plate-forme de modĂ©lisation SURFEX, incluant une reprĂ©sentation du systĂšme sol-plante (ISBA), des zones urbaines (TEB) et des lacs (FLAKE). La spatialisation des paramĂštres du modĂšles est rĂ©alisĂ©e dans SURFEX grĂące Ă  la base de donnĂ©es ECOCLIMAP, et sur l’Europe et l’Afrique, une version plus rĂ©cente (ECOCLIMAP2). Le rayonnement incident et l’albĂ©do (produits par le SAF-Land d’EUMETSAT en particulier) permettent de contraindre le modĂšle. HumiditĂ© superficielle du sol et LAI peuvent ĂȘtre assimilĂ©s dans le modĂšle, pour corriger sa « trajectoire ». TempĂ©rature de surface, et une indication du gel/dĂ©gel du sol permettent de vĂ©rifier les simulations. Enfin, Ă©tant donnĂ© la disponibilitĂ© de sĂ©ries satellitaires de plus en plus longues (AVHRR, micro-ondes actives ou passives), la tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection est susceptible d’ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e dans la production ou la vĂ©rification de rĂ©analyses climatiques. Un dĂ©veloppements important de l’utilisation de donnĂ©es de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection pour les surfaces continentales est Ă  attendre dans le cadre de GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) et des SAF d’EUMETSAT. En parallĂšle, il est important de dĂ©velopper des sites de mesure pour la validation croisĂ©e satellite / modĂšle / in-situ
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