2014-2015 Library Annual Report

The mission of the Armacost Library at the University of Redlands is to support the teaching, research and learning goals of the University community by providing access to information resources in various forms and by promoting lifelong skills to identify, find, evaluate, use and communicate information that reflects a commitment to academic rigor and a better understanding of our world. This Annual Report features news, updates, statistics and other information about Armacost Library for the 2014-2015 term. Information about InSPIRe@Redlands is included

2016-2017 Library Annual Report

The mission of the Armacost Library at the University of Redlands is to support the teaching, research and learning goals of the University community by providing access to information resources in various forms and by promoting lifelong skills to identify, find, evaluate, use and communicate information that reflects a commitment to academic rigor and a better understanding of our world. This Annual Report features news, updates, statistics and other information about Armacost Library for the 2016-2017 term. Information about InSPIRe@Redlands is included

Celebrating Robert Cochran and the Future of Embodied Christian Legal Scholarship

The occasion for this Article is a festschrift for Professor Robert (“Bob”) Cochran. I celebrate Bob’s significant scholarly contributions to the maturing of Christian Legal Scholarship. He applied a Christian perspective to legal issues, hosted conferences, mentored Christian Legal Scholars, and edited books of essays featuring Christian perspectives on law. Bob’s work in this area had a huge influence on the flourishing of Christian Legal Scholarship. This Article considers the future of Christian Legal Scholarship. It enters an ongoing conversation (disagreement) between law Professors David Skeel and David Caudill. In a 2008 article, Skeel defined Christian Legal Scholarship so narrowly that it eliminated hundreds of articles that Caudill would have included in the genre. In part, Skeel and Caudill were talking past each other: Skeel failed to find examples of Christian Legal Scholarship in “elite” law reviews, while Caudill cited articles from a broader literature. But the debate is also about what “counts” as Christian Legal Scholarship. Skeel’s narrow definition might be correct if the only goal of Christian Legal Scholarship is to persuade a secular audience by presenting a comprehensive descriptive or normative critique of law. Another important goal, however, is to educate and challenge a serious, but receptive religious audience and explore smaller segments of an evolving Christian perspective on law. Such scholarship may not satisfy Skeel’s narrow definition, but it is no less Christian Legal Scholarship. In this Article, I propose a more capacious definition that includes what I call “embodied” Christian Legal Scholarship. The ultimate goal of Christian Legal Scholarship, like all human work, is foundationally eschatological: God desires and intends a “new creation,” a final, cosmic transformation of the created order. The assurance of new creation provides the normative principles that guide Christians in determining the meaning and purpose of human work. This eschatological focus means that believers are called to pursue the biblical goals of “justice” and “shalom” because these are the marks of the new creation, the world as it is designed and destined to be. The ultimate purpose of Christian Legal Scholarship, then, is to promote human flourishing by moving the law, legal practice and legal institutions to embody the values of the intended new creation. This includes “embodied” Christian Legal Scholarship, scholarship that manifests and pursues redemptive values in nonreligious language. I believe Christian scholars should continue to write articles from an explicitly Christian perspective. But we should also pursue scholarship that embodies the values of justice and shalom but is framed in secular terms. Importantly, this is not about establishing Christianity. It is about joining with our colleagues— religious or not—to seek values that promote human flourishing

Exploring the Claisen Rearrangement and Aldol Reaction “on Water” and in Catalytic Antibodies using QM/MM Simulations and the Examination of Ligand Induced Conformational Changes in Alkanesulfonate Monooxygenase using Molecular Dynamics

The “on water” environment, defined by the absence of water solubility of the reactants has been reported to provide increased rate accelerations, yields, and specificity for several types of organic reaction classes compared to organic solvents. The aromatic Claisen rearrangements of allyl p-R-phenyl ethers (R = CH3, Br, and OCH3) and allyl naphthyl ether, and another class of reaction, the aldol reaction have been investigated to determine their on water enhancements using QM/MM Monte Carlo calculations and free-energy perturbation theory. The aldol reaction was further studied in catalytic antibody 33F12 to determine the mechanistic properties and its comparison with the aldol reaction in condensed phase simulations. In another study, molecular dynamics calculations were performed on monooygenase systems to identify the protein fluctuations with various bound ligands (reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2), a C4a-peroxyflavin intermediate, alkanesulfonate, FMNH2-alkanesulfonate, and C4a-peroxyflavin intemediate-alkanesulfonate) and an apo (free of ligand) structure. Salt bridge formations have been shown to participate in dynamic conformational changes for the ligand bound structures between Glu20-Arg297 and Asp111-Arg297. Also, Arg226 was confirmed to stabilize the peroxy group of the c4a-peroxyflavin ligand, and possibly help contributing to the sulfite release

2017-2018 Library Annual Report

The mission of the Armacost Library at the University of Redlands is to support the teaching, research and learning goals of the University community by providing access to information resources in various forms and by promoting lifelong skills to identify, find, evaluate, use and communicate information that reflects a commitment to academic rigor and a better understanding of our world. This Annual Report features news, updates, statistics and other information about Armacost Library for the 2017-2018 term. Information about InSPIRe@Redlands is included

2015-2016 Library Annual Report

The mission of the Armacost Library at the University of Redlands is to support the teaching, research and learning goals of the University community by providing access to information resources in various forms and by promoting lifelong skills to identify, find, evaluate, use and communicate information that reflects a commitment to academic rigor and a better understanding of our world. This Annual Report features news, updates, statistics and other information about Armacost Library for the 2015-2016 term. Information about InSPIRe@Redlands is included

Affirmative Duties, Systemic Harms, and the Due Process Clause

Part I of the article lays out the major academic criticisms of DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services. Part II describes the contours of liability for failure to protect in tort. Part III offers a positive explanation for the strong presumption against governmental liability in failure-to-protect cases: permitting broad liability for failure to protect would involve the courts in second-guessing political decisions about the use of limited community resources. This explanation has two parts. First, as a matter of institutional competence, budgetary decisions about the appropriate level and distribution of public services are better suited to political rather than judicial resolution. Second, failure-to-protect claims are more likely to involve the courts in budgetary review than other kinds of claims against the government. One may question exactly where the line between political and judicial action ought to be, but the notion that there is a line somewhere and that judges are seeking to draw such a line in these cases resonates in many areas of the law. Part IV demonstrates that the resource-allocation rationale has significant explanatory power in constitutional failure-to-protect cases. To the extent these considerations are a significant part of what is driving the results in failure to protect cases, they have not been addressed adequately by DeShaney\u27s critics

Qualified Immunity: Ignorance Excused

Public officials receive qualified immunity from damages liability for constitutional violations if they reasonably could have believed their actions were constitutional under clearly established law. In this regard qualified immunity is quite unusual. In most other legal contexts, failure to know the law is virtually never excused. The only other context where notice or knowledge of illegality plays any role is in criminal law, but even mistakes of penal law are rarely excused. In this Article, Professor Armacost uses fair notice in criminal law as a paradigm for analyzing the role of notice in constitutional damages actions. She argues that fair notice in the criminal context is a proxy for fault. Whereas in most criminal cases fault inheres in the wrongfulness of the prohibited conduct, notice becomes important when only an intentional violation of a known legal duty makes the defendant blameworthy. In such cases, the notice inquiry ensures against penal liability without fault. Professor Armacost then applies the paradigm of notice as a proxy for fault to qualified immunity. The animating notion behind the immunity inquiry is that it would be unfair to hold officials to rules they could not reasonably have known. The objective clarity of the law acts as a surrogate for the official\u27s subjective state of mind: If the law governing the official\u27s con- duct was clear, immunity is denied because any reasonably conscientious official would have known and obeyed the law. Conversely, an official who engaged in conduct that was neither clearly prohibited nor contained indicia of its own wrongfulness is not blameworthy and immunity will attach. In such cases, qualified immunity\u27s notice inquiry-whether the law was clear-acts as a proxy for fault. Finally, Professor Armacost argues that the fault-notice connection borrowed from criminal law explains a puzzling feature of constitutional damages law: The Supreme Court has repeatedly stressed the importance of individual, fault-based liability and resisted a move toward respondeat superior liability. However, the ubiquity of indemnification of individual officials by their governmental units means that officials rarely bear the monetary burden of liability. Professor Armacost contends that fault-based, individual liability-which identifies a particular official as a constitutional wrongdoer --serves a moral blaming function that has significant independent value regardless of who ultimately bears the financial responsibility

The Structure and Function of the Border Parenchyma and Vein-Ribs of Certain Dicotylendon Leaves

The border parenchyma has long been recognized as a structural constant in the many kinds of angiosperm leaves. As an unbroken sheath it invests all minor veins and is an intermediary between the conductive channels and the mesophyll. Though the presence of the border parenchyma has long been known, references to it have been casual and its significance has not been adequately appreciated. The uniform presence of this sheath in an organ marked by economy of tissue has invited this attempt to evaluate its place in the foliage leaf as a whole. Schubert (24) discussed the structure of the border parenchyma in various plant families and recognized two classes of starch sheaths : those in which there was nerve parenchyma associated with the sheath, and others in which it was lacking. The former refers undoubtedly to the vein-ribs described later in the present paper while the latter is the border parenchyma proper. The nerve parenchyma , he said, was generally present in large leaves and absent in small ones. This generalization was found to be incorrect for the sixty species studied in this research. Schubert was more accurate in his suggestion that it is possible that the nerve tissue assists in the transport of assimilate