Efek Hepatoprotektor Ekstrak Etanol Lidah Buaya (Aloe Vera) Terhadap Aktivitas Enzim Alanin Aminotransferase (Alt) Dalam Plasma Rattus Norvegicus Jantan Galur Wistar Yang Diinduksi Parasetamol

Latar Belakang : daun lidah buaya (Aloe vera) mengandung metabolit sekunder flavonoid yang berfungsi sebagai senyawa antioksidan danmenstimulasi pembentukan GSH (glutation) sehingga memberikan efekhepatoprotektor berupa penurunan aktivitas enzim alaninaminotransferase (ALT). Tujuan : penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efekhepatoprotektor dan dosis efektif ekstrak etanol lidah buaya (Aloe vera)pada tikus putih jantan galur Wistar dibandingkan kurkuma melaluiindikator enzim alanin aminotransferase (ALT). Metodologi: penelitian inimerupakan jenis penelitian eksperimental rancang acak lengkap (RAL)dengan desain pretest dan posttest. Sebanyak 30 ekor tikus putih jantangalur wistar dibagi secara acak ke dalam 5 kelompok perlakuan, yaitukontrol negatif (CMC 0,5%), kontrol positif (kurkuma), dosis I (1000mg/kgBB), dosis II (2000 mg/kgBB), dosis III (4000 mg/kgBB) yangdiinduksi parasetamol satu jam kemudian selama 7 hari. Data dianalisismenggunakan uji One-way anova yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Post-HocLSD. Hasil : Uji skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol lidahbuaya (Aloe vera) mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, saponin, dansteroid. Hasil analisa statistik menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermaknapada rata-rata aktivitas enzim ALT kelompok kontrol negatif dan positifdengan kelompok dosis I, II, dan III ekstrak etanol lidah buaya (Aloe vera)(p<0,05) pada pengukuran aktivitas enzim ALT setelah perlakuan(posttest). Dosis efektif yang didapatkan adalah 4000 mg/kgBB.Kesimpulan : Ekstrak etanol lidah buaya (Aloe vera) memiliki efekhepatoprotektor berupa penurunan aktivitas enzim ALT yang lebih baikdibandingkan kurkuma pada dosis 4000 mg/kgBB.Kata Kunci : Aloe vera, ekstrak etanol lidah buaya, parasetamol, aktivitas enzim ALT, hepatoprotektor.1) Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas 3 Tanjungpura Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat. Email:[email protected] 2) Departemen Farmakologi, Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter,Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak,Kalimantan Barat 3) Departemen Biokimia, Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter, FakultasKedokteran, Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat

Multimodal Communication in a Noisy Environment: A Case Study of the Bornean Rock Frog Staurois parvus

High background noise is an impediment to signal detection and perception. We report the use of multiple solutions to improve signal perception in the acoustic and visual modality by the Bornean rock frog, Staurois parvus. We discovered that vocal communication was not impaired by continuous abiotic background noise characterised by fast-flowing water. Males modified amplitude, pitch, repetition rate and duration of notes within their advertisement call. The difference in sound pressure between advertisement calls and background noise at the call dominant frequency of 5578 Hz was 8 dB, a difference sufficient for receiver detection. In addition, males used several visual signals to communicate with conspecifics with foot flagging and foot flashing being the most common and conspicuous visual displays, followed by arm waving, upright posture, crouching, and an open-mouth display. We used acoustic playback experiments to test the efficacy-based alerting signal hypothesis of multimodal communication. In support of the alerting hypothesis, we found that acoustic signals and foot flagging are functionally linked with advertisement calling preceding foot flagging. We conclude that S. parvus has solved the problem of continuous broadband low-frequency noise by both modifying its advertisement call in multiple ways and by using numerous visual signals. This is the first example of a frog using multiple acoustic and visual solutions to communicate in an environment characterised by continuous noise

All New "D' CITI RAT": Inovasi, Revitalisasi dan Pengadaan pada "D' CITI RAT"

Background: The need for white rats and mice for animal research trials has increased in West Borneo that required innovation in terms of addition of white rats and mice variant strains to fulfiling the needs of students, lecturers, and researchers for experimental animals. Objective: To increase production of white rats and mice as well as new innovations on the D'CITI RAT husbandry to fulfiling the needs of experimental animals in West Borneo. Method: This business named “All New D 'CITI RAT”, that developed and innovated from existing business that named D' CITI RAT (Dagangan Tikus Putih dan Mencit Untuk Keperluan Skripsi dan Riset) in terms of production methods to increase variants of white rats and mice to provide conditioned mice for research (hipercholesterolemia, diabetic rats, etc) and production placerenovation to meet the standards of research mice according to WHO. Results: D' CITI RAT business offered 4 products that are Wistar rats, Sprague Dawley strain and strain Swiss Webster mice and Balb/C. Conclusion: D 'CITI RAT businesshas been done very well and produce satisfactory results during the period, proved by the number of sales that exceeded expectations

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research