pH, Titratable Acidity and Total Soluble Solid Content of Pediatric Antitussive Medicines

Svrha: U ovoj su se eksperimentalnoj studiji in vitro procijenili endogeni pH, kiselost titracije i ukupan udjel čvrste topljive tvari (UUTČT) u pedijatrijskim antitusivnim lijekovima u obliku sirupa. Ispitanici i metode: sedam lijekova procijenjeno je u pokusu prema načelu slučajnog odabira i svaka je analiza bila ponovljena tri puta. Procjena pH-a obavljena je potenciometrijom, a ocijenjen je bio i puferski kapacitet nakon što se razrijedio svaki lijek. Inkrementi od 0,1 N KOH-a titrirani su dok nije dosegnuta neutralnost. Mjerenje UUTČT-a obavljeno je Brixovom refraktometrijom uz pomoć Abbéova refraktometra. Rezultati: vrijednosti pH-a kretale su se od 2,65 (Mucolin®) do 6,56 (Fluimucil®), a kod četiriju lijekova bile su niže od kritičnih 5,5. Vrijednosti titracijske kiselosti za te lijekove bile su od 0,061 (Fluimucil®) do 0,467 (Ambroxmel®). Fluimucil® je pokazao najnižu vrijednost UUTČT-a (4,33%), a Mucofan ® je imao najveću (53,41%). Zaključak: mnogobrojni pedijatrijski antitusici imali su pH ispod kritične vrijednosti, visoke titracijske vrijednosti te veliku koncentraciju šećera, što može povećati njihov kariogeni i erozivni učinak u slučaju neodgovarajuće primjene kod djece.Objectives: This in vitro experimental study evaluated the endogenous pH, titratable acidity and total soluble solids content (TSSC) of pediatric antitussive medicines presented as syrups. Materials and Methods: Seven medicines were evaluated by a random experiment with 3 repetitions for each sample. pH analysis was performed by potentiometry and buffering capacity was assessed by dilution of each medicine. Increments of 0.1 N KOH were titrated until neutrality was reached. TSSC readings were performed by Brix refractometry using the Abbé refractometer. Results: pH values ranged from 2.65 (Mucolin®) to 6.56 (Fluimucil®) and four medicines showed pH below the critical value of 5.5. The titratable acidity values ranged from 0.061 (Fluimucil®) to 0.467 (Ambroxmel®). Fluimucil® presented the lowest TSSC content (4.33%) and Mucofan® presented the highest TSSC content (53.41%). Conclusions: Many pediatric antitussives showed pH below the critical value, high titratable values and high sugar concentration, which may increase their cariogenic and erosive potentials in case of inadequate administration of these products to children

A dança e seu espaço na escola: educação física ou artes?

The objective of this work is to analyze the understanding of the academic of the final stages of the degree courses in Physical Education and Arts, about the dance space at school. Based on a field survey from a questionnaire with 8 semi-open questions. It is concluded that although the scholars report that there is a difference of the dance treated in the Physical Education and the dance treated in Arts, interviewees acknowledge that both disciplines should deliver dance content at school. We understand that dance should not be treated with division in these disciplines, but understood in its totality.El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la comprensión de los estudiantes de las fases finales de los cursos de educación física y artes, sobre el espacio de la danza en la escuela. Nos basamos en una encuesta de campo con 8 preguntas semiabiertas. Se concluyó que, aunque los académicos informen que hay una diferencia de la danza tratada en la Educación Física y de la danza en Artes, los encuestados reconocen que ambas asignaturas deberían enseñar el contenido de danza en la escuela. Entendemos que la danza no debe ser tratada con división en estas asignaturas y sí, entendida en su totalidad.O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a compreensão dos acadêmicos das fases finais dos cursos de licenciatura em Educação Física e Artes, sobre o espaço da dança na escola. Baseamo-nos numa pesquisa de campo a partir de um questionário com 8 perguntas semiabertas. Conclui-se que apesar dos acadêmicos relatarem que há uma diferença da dança tratada na Educação Física e da dança tratada em Artes, os entrevistados reconhecem que ambas as disciplinas deveriam ministrar o conteúdo dança na escola. Entendemos que a dança não deve ser tratada com divisão nessas disciplinas, e sim compreendida em sua totalidade

Estudo in vitro da ação antimicrobiana de extratos de plantas contra Enterococcus faecalis In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against Enterococcus faecalis

INTRODUÇÃO: Muitos estudos têm sido realizados para avaliar o potencial terapêutico das plantas. OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ação antimicrobiana dos extratos etanólicos da aroeira-da-praia (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), da aroeira-do-sertão (Astronium urundeuva [Fr. All.] Engl.), da ameixa-do-mato (Ximenia americana L.), da quixabeira (Syderoxylum obtusifolium [Roem et Schult.]) e do hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl a 2,5%), contra o Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). METODOLOGIA: Foi realizado teste de difusão em ágar, pelo método do poço, utilizando-se como controle positivo a clorexidina a 0,12%. Os microrganismos foram semeados em caldo BHI e incubados a 37ºC por 24 horas. Posteriormente, as suspensões microbianas foram semeadas em placas Petri, com ágar Mueller Hinton, sendo confeccionados seis poços equidistantes. As placas foram mantidas à temperatura ambiente por 2 horas, para ocorrer a pré-difusão das substâncias, e incubadas a 37ºC por 48 horas. Foram feitas as análises e medições dos halos de inibição em triplicata e os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente (teste de análise de variância [ANOVA]). RESULTADOS: A quixabeira apresentou os menores halos de inibição (teste t, p < 0,05); por outro lado, a clorexidina a 0,12% e os extratos vegetais aroeira-do-sertão e aroeira-da-praia, na concentração 100%, induziram halos maiores do que o NaOCl a 2,5%, com diferença estatisticamente significativa (teste t, p < 0,05). A aroeira-do-sertão e a aroeira-da-praia apresentaram halos de inibição contra o Enterococcus faecalis superiores aos demais extratos vegetais testados, em todas as concentrações. CONCLUSÃO: Todas as substâncias analisadas apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra o Enterococcus faecalis, sugerindo que podem representar substâncias alternativas no tratamento endodôntico.<br>INTRODUCTION: Several studies have evaluated the therapeutic benefits of plants. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts of pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), aroeira (Astronium urundeuva [Fr. All.] Engl.), Olacaceae (Ximenia americana L.), quixaba (Syderoxylum obtusifolium [Roem et Schult.]), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl 2.5%) against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). METHODS: The agar diffusion test was performed and 0.12% chlorhexidine was applied as positive control. The microorganisms were allowed to grow in a brain-heart infusion broth (BHI) and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. Subsequently, the microbial suspensions were seeded on Petri dishes containing Mueller Hinton agar, and six equidistant wells were made. The plates were kept at room temperature for 2 hours for the pre-diffusion of substances, and incubated at 37ºC for 48 hours. The analysis and measurement of inhibition zones were performed in triplicate, and the results were statistically analyzed (ANOVA test). RESULTS: Quixaba produced the smallest inhibition zones (t test, p < 0.05). On the other hand, 0.12% chlorhexidine, herbal extracts of pepper tree and aroeira at 100% concentration induced larger inhibition zones in comparison with 2.5% NaOCl, with statistically significant difference (t test, p < 0.05). At all concentrations, both pepper tree and aroeira showed a higher inhibition zone against Enterococcus faecalis in comparison with the other plant extracts tested. CONCLUSION: All the substances analyzed showed antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis. Therefore , they may represent alternative substances in endodontic treatment

ATLANTIC ANTS: a data set of ants in Atlantic Forests of South America

International audienc

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data